During the great advance of the Allied troops in France in March, 1917, unusual activity in the air played an important part. This was especially the case on March 17, 1917, when the British either destroyed or damaged sixteen German planes, the French ten, and the Germans accounted for a total of twenty-two British and French machines. At this time aeroplanes were active not only in reconnaissance work, but even attacked with bombs and machine guns smaller units of the retreating Germans. The British official report covering March 18, 1917, for instance, contains the following passage: "Our aeroplanes did much valuable work yesterday in cooperation with our infantry. Enemy troops were engaged successfully with machine guns, and bombs were dropped on a number of places behind the enemy lines," while the French report says: "During the evening of March 17 and the following night a French air squadron bombarded the factories and blast furnaces at Thionville and in the Briey Valley, as well as certain convoys of enemy troops which were marching in the region of Guiscard."

The same kind of aerial activity was an almost daily occurrence during April, 1917. The last days of that month, however, were red-letter days for military aeronautics. On April 29, 1917, the British claimed to have winged twenty German machines, while the Germans stated that they had shot down during April 28 and 29, 1917, a total of thirty-four British and French planes.

Again on May 7, 1917, the British accounted for fifteen German machines, while the French claimed to have brought down during the week May 1 to 7, 1917, seventy-six German aeroplanes, of which twenty-five were known to have been destroyed.

During the last days of May, 1917, Allied aeroplanes were especially active in Belgium. On May 26 and 30, 1917, Hest, Blankenberghe, Zeebrugge, and Ghent were attacked and considerable damage was inflicted on railway stations, docks, and other buildings of military value.

Again on June 4, 1917, British aeroplanes attacked and severely damaged German vessels in Zeebrugge.

French airmen were busy, too, in June, 1917. The French War Office on June 21, 1917 published the following statement covering their activities:

"Fourteen aeroplanes and a German captive balloon were destroyed on our front in the period from June 8 to 20. Eleven of these machines were brought down by our pilots during aerial combats, and three of them by the fire of our machine or antiaircraft guns. In addition, seven enemy machines seriously damaged fell in our lines.

"In the same period our squadrons effected numerous sorties. They bombarded notably the railroad station at Bensdorf, factories at Hayatge-Jesuf at Moyeuvre, blast furnaces at Burbach and in the Saar Valley, railroad stations at Bethienville, Chatelet-sur-Retourne, Bethel, Mezieres, Charleville, and Molshelm; the bivouacs in Suippes Valley, and munitions depots in the region of Laon, etc. Thirteen thousand kilograms of projectiles were dropped during the expeditions, which caused serious damage to enemy establishments."

British, French, and German air squadrons continued their activities throughout June and July, 1917. July 12, 1917, was particularly successful for the British airmen, who claimed to have brought down near Ypres thirty-one German planes without loss to their own forces.

On the Russian and Italian fronts and in the Balkans and the Near East aerial activities were slightly fewer and less extensive than on the western, due to the difference in conditions, such as the greater scarcity of machines and the greater distance from the source of supplies.

A novel use of aeroplanes was made after the entrance of the United States into the war. On April 4, 1917, it was stated that British and French aviators dropped large numbers of German translations of President Wilson's war message over the German lines and Italian aviators did the same over the Austrian lines.

On a few occasions aircraft violated the neutrality of countries adjoining belligerent territory. In one case a French aeroplane dropped bombs on a Swiss town. A prompt and complete apology on the part of the French Government followed. On March 13, 1917, Dutch troops shot down a German plane which had flown over Sluis in Holland, ten miles northeast of Burges. Before they could capture the aviator, he succeeded in restarting his machine and in making his escape to the German lines. On June 1, 1917, a Zeppelin appeared first over Swedish territory near Malmoe and then over Danish territory south of Copenhagen. Swedish torpedo boats and Danish troops fired on it successively and it quickly disappeared in a southerly direction.

One remarkable enterprise of Russian airmen was reported officially on April 3, 1917, from Petrograd and deserves, on account of its highly adventurous nature, detailed repetition. The statement read: "On the Black Sea on March 27, 1917, during a raid by our seaplanes on Derkas, one of them was hit by the enemy. The petrol tank being punctured, the machine was compelled to descend.

"The aviators, Lieutenant Sergeev and Sublieutenant Thur, seeing a Turkish schooner, attacked it by opening machine-gun fire. The crew thereupon left the schooner. Our aviators, having sunk their machine after taking from it the compass, machine gun, and valuable belongings, boarded the schooner and set sail for our shores.

"They encountered a heavy storm during their adventure, but arrived with the schooner at the Duarlidatch Peninsula, west of Perekop, on Sunday. From this place our aviators returned to Sebastopol on a torpedo boat. The only provisions available on the schooner consisted of a few pieces of bread and a little fresh water."

Naturally interest in the activities of American airmen in the French service continued unabated. They continued to cover themselves with glory. During the second half of May, 1917, members of the Lafayette Escadrille engaged in twenty-five combats with German machines. Adjutant Raoul Lufbery was engaged five times, Sergeant Willis Haviland (Minneapolis) twice, Sergeant Dovell three times, Corporal Thomas Hewitt (New York) twice, and Corporal Kenneth Marr (San Francisco) twice.

As a result of these activities an official report announced the decoration of Adjutant Lufbery with the Military Medal by the King of England, and cited the meritorious conduct of this aviator and also of Sergeant Haviland, Sergeant Charles Johnson (St. Louis), and Lieutenant William Thaw (Pittsburgh).

In June, 1917, the American aviators flying under the French flag were even more active. In the short period from June 10 to 16, 1917, they made fifty-four patrol flights and fought nine air battles, of which Adjutant Raoul Lufbery, Edwin Parsons, and Sergeant Robert Soubiran each fought two, and Stephen Bigelow, Sergeant Walter Lowell and Thomas Hewitt each fought one.

Unfortunately death claimed two American flyers. On April 16, 1917, Pilot Edmond C. C. Genet of Ossining, N. Y., was killed during a fight with a German aeroplane over French territory. Genet was twenty years old and was the great-great-great-grandson of Governor Clinton and the great-great-grandson of Citizen Genet, who was French Minister in the days of Washington. He had originally fought in the Foreign Legion, but had later been transferred to the aviation service.

In March, 1917, Sergeant J. R. McConnell, also a member of the Escadrille, had been killed in action. On May 24, 1917, it was announced that the commander of the Escadrille, Captain de Laage of the French army, had been killed while flying near Ham on the Somme front.

Another death of interest to this country and caused by aerial operations was that of H. E. M. Suckley of Rhinebeck, N. Y., who was in charge of a unit of the American Ambulance Field Service. He was wounded while on duty near Saloniki by an aeroplane bomb and died the following day. He was thirty years old and had been with the Ambulance Service almost from the beginning of the war, first in the Vosges, then at Pont-a-Mousson, and finally with General Sarrail's army.

Regarding the losses suffered by the various aerial forces, authentic information available is very scant and incomplete. Up to February 1, 1917, the Germans claimed to have destroyed 1,002 Allied aeroplanes and to have put out of commission a total of 1,700, valued at $12,500,000. During April, 1917, according to the London "Times," a total of 714 machines was brought down on the western front. These were distributed as follows: German machines, 366; British, 147; French and Belgian, 201. Of the 366 German aeroplanes brought down 269 fell to the British, ninety-five to the French, and two to the Belgians. British airmen accounted for 263 German aeroplanes and antiaircraft gunners for six. On the other hand the Germans admitted the loss of only seventy-four machines, but claimed to have brought down 362 Allied aeroplanes and twenty-nine captive balloons.

During May, 1917, according to London newspapers, 713 aeroplanes were brought down on the western front. Of these 442 were said to have been German and 271 French and British.



CHAPTER CII

AIR RAIDS

The second phase of aerial warfare was represented by the raids carried out by the various belligerents over enemy territory at a considerable distance from the actual theaters of war. In these operations the Germans, as in the past, were the most active and England was the greatest sufferer. But unlike their previous custom, the Germans, during the period from February to August, 1917, used aeroplanes more frequently than Zeppelins.

On February 25, 1917, British naval aeroplanes raided iron-works near Saarbruecken in Rhenish Prussia, about fifty miles beyond the border.

On March 1, 1917, one German plane bombed Broadstairs, an English watering place on the island of Thanet off the Kentish coast.

During the night of March 4-5, 1917, French aeroplanes bombed Freiburg-im-Breisgau (Black Forest) and Kehl near Strassburg.

German airships bombed the southeastern counties of England during the night of March 16-17, 1917. Margate was attacked by a German seaplane at the same time. One of the Zeppelins was brought down later by French antiaircraft guns near Compiegne, northeast of Paris, its entire crew being killed.

A French aeroplane bombed Frankfort-on-the-Main on March 17, 1917, causing only little damage.

On April 5, 1917, a German aeroplane again bombed the Kentish coast town without causing any damage.

Freiburg-im-Breisgau was once more the object of an attack by English aeroplanes, made, as announced later, in reprisal for the torpedoing of British hospital ships. Ten civilians and one soldier were killed, and twenty-seven civilians, mostly women and children, wounded. Three of the British aeroplanes were shot down. Considerable damage to public buildings was caused.

On May 5, 1917, Odessa, the Russian port on the north shore of the Black Sea, was visited for the first time by a German aeroplane.

On May 14, 1917, British naval forces detected a Zeppelin in the act of approaching the English coast. The alarm was given immediately and a squadron of British seaplanes was sent after the invader. The fire from the machine gun of one of these soon reached the big airship, and before long the latter was seen to burst into flames and disappeared.

During the night of May 23, 1917, four or five Zeppelins appeared over East Anglia and penetrated some distance inland. Bombs were dropped in a number of country districts. One man was killed, but otherwise the damage was negligible.

Two days later, May 25, 1917, early in the evening, seventeen aeroplanes appeared over Folkestone on the southeast coast of England. They dropped about fifty bombs. As a result seventy-six persons were killed and 174 injured, most of them civilians, and a large percentage of these women and children. The returning German aeroplanes were pursued by machines of the British Naval Air Service from Dunkirk and attacked. Three German machines were shot down.

Again on June 5, 1917, sixteen German aeroplanes appeared over Essex and the Medway. They succeeded in dropping a large number of bombs which caused two casualties and considerable material damage and injured twenty-nine persons before antiaircraft guns and British planes drove them off. At least four German machines were shot down.

On June 11, 1917, a British patrol boat sighted five German aeroplanes off Dover. Attacking them at once, the British craft destroyed two of the machines and captured their pilots. The remaining three German machines fled.

At noon of June 13, 1917, London was subjected to the most extensive and destructive raid in its experience. In the middle of a beautiful summer day fifteen German aeroplanes appeared over London and dispatched their death-dealing burden of explosives on England's capital; 157 men, women, and children were killed, and 432 injured. Considerable material damage was caused, although the raid lasted only fifteen minutes. All but one of the German planes escaped. The East End, London's tenement district, inhabited chiefly by the poor, was the principal sufferer.

On the same day British naval forces attacked and brought down a Zeppelin in the North Sea. The airship was a total loss and apparently the entire crew perished.

On June 16, 1917, two Zeppelins attacked the East Anglian and Kentish coast. Considerable damage was done by the bombs dropped. Three deaths and injuries to about twenty people resulted. A British aeroplane succeeded in bringing down one of the Zeppelins, which, with its crew, was destroyed completely.

Three times in July, 1917, German aeroplane squadrons appeared in England. On July 4, 1917, about twelve attacked Harwich, a port in Essex; two of the planes were shot down, but not until the attackers had inflicted considerable damage, killed eleven people and injured thirty-six. Three days later, July 7, 1917, twenty aeroplanes bombed London, forty-three people were killed and 197 injured, while three of the German planes were destroyed. Again on July 22, 1917, fifteen to twenty German aeroplanes reached the English coast. Felixstowe and Harwich were raided. Eleven persons were killed and twenty-six injured. On the way back to their base one of the German planes was brought down off the Belgian coast.

During the third year of the war, that is from August, 1916, to August, 1917, air attacks on England caused death to 393 people and injuries to 1,174, according to figures compiled by the New York "Times." The same source claims that from the beginning of the war up to August 1, 1917, or during a period of practically three years, 751 people were killed and 2,007 injured in England as a result of German air raids, of which there were officially recorded eighteen in 1915, twenty-two in 1916, and eleven in the first seven months of 1917.

A fitting end to this chapter is the record of the deaths at the age of seventy-nine of the Zeppelin's inventor, Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, which occurred at Charlottenburg on March 8, 1917, as a result of an attack of pneumonia.



INDEX

Abyssinia, Italian defeat in, I, 192

Adige River, fighting along, V, 280

Adige Valley, operations in, VI, 460

Admiral Sims, commanding American destroyer flotilla, VI, 357

Aerial combats, number of, V, 426

Aerial maneuvering, French, IV, 55

Aerial raids, VI, 492

Aerodromes, attacks on, IV, 473

Aerodromes, German, IV, 470

Aeroplane attack by Germans on Lemnos, VI, 169

Aeroplane coast battle, IV, 471

Aeroplanes, losses in, VI, 255

Aeroplanes, number of, V, 420

Aeroplanes, western front, VI, 486

Aeroplanes and submarines, I, 23

Aeroplane warfare, VI, 168-181

Aeroplane warfare on submarines, V, 414

Africa, British possessions in, I, 181

African coast, operations on, III, 493

Agadir, I, 140

Agar Khan, III, 24

Aircraft, losses in, IV, 479; VI, 51

Air fighting, strategy and tactics of, IV, 459

Air fights along the Somme, VI, 50

Air raids on England, IV, 16

Air raids on Paris, IV, 19

Aisne, battle of, II, 130-135

Aisne, counterattacks on the, VI, 248

Alaska, garrisons in, I, 11

Albania, Austrian advance, IV, 336

Albania, Serbian retreat, IV, 303

Albania, withdrawal of Serbian forces from, IV, 337

Albanian uprising, I, 247

Albanians, racial characteristics, I, 220

Alcantara, merchantman, V, 59

Alexander II, assassination, I, 152

Alexander III and France, I, 152

Alexandretta, III, 503

Alexiev, General, commander in chief Russian army, VI, 429

Algonquin, sinking of, by German submarine, VI, 317

Allenstein, capture of, II, 437

Allied aviators, work of, V, 421

Allied commands in Champagne, IV, 80

Allied demands on Greece, V, 224-227

Allied nations, policy of, I, 105

Allied offensive, March, 1915, IV, 45

Allied raid, Houlthulst Forest, IV, 56

Allies, withdrawal of, into Greece, IV, 308

Alsace, French in, IV, 40

Alsace-Lorraine, conditions in, I, 138

Alsace and Lorraine, campaign in, II, 38-45

Altkirch, capture of, IV, 40

American airmen in France, VI, 490

American army, I, 11

American aviators, VI, 181, 490

American citizens, rights of, defended by President Wilson, IV, 503

American Commission to Russia, VI, 416

American Congress, resolution on sinking armed merchantmen, IV, 502

American destroyer flotilla, VI, 357

American expedition in France, VI, 357

American Government's assertion of neutral rights at sea, IV, 480

American merchant marine, VI, 476

American navy, strength of, I, 11

American navy, work of, in foreign waters, VI, 357

American negotiations over Ancona sinking, IV, 490-496

American note to Austria on Ancona issue, character of, IV, 492

American war preparations, VI, 328

American Prussian treaties, VI, 298

American response to German note on Sussex, V, 458

American second note on Ancona issue, IV, 494

American training camp in France, VI, 361

American troops, transportation of, to France, VI, 358

American vessels sunk, VI, 202

American warships in European waters, VI, 482

Anafarta Ridge, attack on, IV, 352

Ancona, destruction of, IV, 490

Ancona, yielding of Austria-Hungary on issue, IV, 494

Ancre, British gains in, VI, 223

Anglo-American trade balance, V, 52

Anglo-Chinese conference, I, 184

Anglo-French agreement, I, 136

Anglo-Russian agreement, I, 136

Anti-Catholic movement in France, I, 163

Anti-Serbian riots, I, 260

Antwerp, Belgian withdrawal to, IV, 40

Antwerp, fall of, II, 167

Anzacs, heroism of, III, 460, 462

Appam, capture of, IV, 160

Arabic, sinking of, IV, 150, 480-490

Arabic, German version, IV, 483

Arabs, assistance given British in Mesopotamia, IV, 423

Arabs, confederation of, IV, 429

Arbitration, failure of, I, 14

Archibald papers, V, 11

Area of British Empire, I, 286

Area of France, I, 286

Area of German Empire, I, 286

Area of Russia, I, 286

Argechu River, VI, 117

Argonne, activity in, III, 158

Argonne, campaign in, II, 193-194

Argonne Forest, fighting in, IV, 48

Argonne, German attacks in, in September, 1915, IV, 55

Argonne, operations in, V, 375

Argyll, loss of, IV, 154

Armed-merchantman resolution, final form of, in Congress, V, 439

Armed-merchantmen resolutions, debate in Congress, V, 434-435

Armed neutrality, address of President Wilson, VI, 304

Armed-shipping resolution in Congress, V, 436

Armenian atrocities, III, 472

Armenians, massacre of, IV, 378

Army, American, strength of, I, 11

Arras, Canadian victories at, VI, 56

Arras, fourth blow by Haig, VI, 256

Arras, operations around, IV, 127

Arras, operations around, VI, 39

Arras, second phase of, VI, 249

Artillery, II, 366

Artillery activity on the western front in September, 1915, IV, 55

Artois, British successes in, IV, 85

Artois, fighting in, III, 121-128

Artois, French campaign in, IV, 85

Artois sector, V, 373

Asia Minor, Germany in, I, 50

Asiago, Austrian advance, V, 256

Asiatic Turkey, disorders in, IV, 377

Asphyxiation from gas, I, 53

Assassination of crown prince, Austrian report on, I, 350

Athens, street fighting in, VI, 147

Atkutur, battle at, III, 474

Aubers Ridge, attacks on, III, 128

Augustovo, Battle of, II, 444

Ausgleich, I, 146

Australians at Suvla Bay, IV, 356

Australian troops at Pozieres, V, 409

Austria and Prussia, I, 127

Austria-Hungary, American relations with, VI, 328

Austria-Hungary, area of, I, 286

Austria-Hungary, explanation of sinking of Ancona, IV, 465

Austria-Hungary, position of, I, 142

Austria-Hungary, request for recall of Dr. Dumba, V, 10

Austrian air attacks on Italian cities, V. 291

Austrian army, I, 309

Austrian armies in Poland and Galicia, command of, IV, 181

Austrian army in Serbia, IV, 259

Austrian and Balkan nationality, I, 258-259

Austrian captures of Durazzo, IV, 338

Austrian note, July 27, 1914, I, 270

Austrian counterattack, repulsed by Italians, V, 269

Austrian defenses in Alps, IV, 394

Austrian demands on Serbia, I, 261-265

Austrian fleet in the Danube, VI, 97

Austrian forces along the Italian front, increase of, V, 245

Austrian-Italian aviators, V, 428

Austrian-Italian front, V, 229

Austrian losses at Lutsk, V, 159

Austrian losses in Serbia, II, 343

Austrian naval strength, II, 206

Austrian note to Serbia, I, 261

Austrian offensive in Trentino, V, 246

Austrian offensive in Trentino, increase of, V, 235

Austrian offensive in Volhynia, V, 138

Austrian press, accusations, I, 353

Austrian proposals to Rumania, III, 377

Austrian raids on Italian coast, III, 394

Austrian rupture with the United States, VI, 328

Austrian squadron shells Italian coast cities, IV, 168

Austro-German capture of Bucharest, VI, 119

Austro-Hungarians defeated near Kuty, V, 190

Austro-German invasion of Serbia, IV, 263

Austro-German resistance to the Russians, VI, 73

Austro-Hungarian press, I, 351

Austro-Hungarian reply to Ancona note, IV, 492

Austro-Italian line, V, 233, 234

Austro-Russian front, III, 236

Austro-Russian operations, resumption of, V, 133-141

Aviators, loss among, V, 425-426

Avlona, battle between Austrians and Italians near, V, 220

Avlona, Italians at, IV, 327

Avocourt Wood, German occupation of, V, 351

Aylmer, General, IV, 446

Azerbayan, failures in, III, 477

Babuna Pass, resistance of Serbians, IV, 283

Bagdad, British at, IV, 419-425

Bagdad, expedition against, I, 62

Bagdad, Russian advance, V, 330

Baiburt, capture of, by Russians, V, 337

Balfour, Arthur J., reply to Churchill, V, 61

Balkan League, I, 248

Balkans, conditions in, 1916, V, 212

Balkans, countries, II, 275-286

Balkans, diplomacy in, I, 59

Balkans, summary of first year's conditions, IV, 255

Baltic Sea, operations in, III, 191

Ban-de-Sapt, attacks on, III, 164

Bapaume, capture of, VI, 232

Basra, capture of, II, 508

Battle cruisers, British, lost in Jutland naval battle, V, 90-91

Battle cruisers, importance of, I, 21

Battle line on eastern front, II, 262

Battle line on the eastern front in the spring of 1916, V, 116

Battleships and fortifications, I, 24

Battleships, advantages of, I, 21

Battleships at Jutland battle, V, 80

Bavarians, bravery of, at Eaucourt, VI, 30

Beatty, Admiral, movements at Jutland naval battle, V, 75-78

Beaucourt, attacks on, VI, 218

Beaumont, abandonment of, by French, IV, 142

Belgian coast, bombardment of, by British fleet, IV, 60, 112

Belgian neutrality, I, 276

Belgian neutrality, unity of powers, I, 476

Belgian territory, alleged violation of, I, 283

Belgian envoys, visit of, to United States, VI, 352

Belgian withdrawal, IV, 40

Belgium, American lessons from, I, 12

Belgium appealed to powers guaranteeing neutrality, I, 384

Belgium, area of, I, 287

Belgium, location of, I, 197

Belgium, attacks in, July, VI, 279

Belgium, German attacks on the French lines in, VI, 250

Belgium, operations in, VI, 61

Belgium, German proposals to, I, 281

Belgrade, bombardment of, IV, 265

Belgrade, capture of, II, 347, 353

Belgrade, riot following assassination of crown prince, I, 346

Benckendorff, A., I, 320

Berchtold, L., I, 324

Berlin, Treaty of, I, 228

Bernhardi, I, 83

Bertie, Sir Francis, I, 317

Bethlehem, efforts to start munition strikes in, V, 9

Bethmann-Hollweg, I, 323

Bethmann-Hollweg, circular letter to powers, I, 368

Bethmann-Hollweg's statement in Reichstag, I, 498

Beyers, General, III, 70

Bieberstein, Marshal von, II, 496

Bight, Battle of, II, 208

Bismarck Archipelago, II, 243

Bismarck, growth of power of, I, 127

Bismarck, retirement of, I, 134

Bitlis, massacre at, IV, 378

Bitlis, occupation of, by Russians, V, 293

Blockade against Germany, III, 181

Bluecher, sinking of, II, 255

Bolimow, fighting around, II, 470

Bombs in trenches, I, 74

Bosnia, annexation of, I, 147

Bosnia, fighting in, II, 360

Botha, General, III, 74

Boy-Ed, Karl, activities, V, 14

Brabant, abandonment of, by French, IV, 140

Bregalnitza, battle of, I, 257

Bremen, exploits of, VI, 190

Brenta River, fighting along, V, 278

Brescia, bombardment of, IV, 468

Breslau, II, 494

Brest-Litovsk, II, 447

Brest-Litovsk, capture of, IV, 196

Briand, resignation of, I, 170

British in Macedonia, VI, 135

British advance on Arras, VI, 251

British aerodromes, IV, 473

British air raids, IV, 18

British, mobilization of, I, 304

British attack around Lens, IV, 82

British attacks on the Stuff Redoubt, VI, 49

British attacks on Zeebrugge, VI, 482

British cabinet declaration, I, 473

British declaration of war against Germany, I, 283

British East Africa, I, 180

British Empire, area of, I, 286

British expeditionary force, II, 34

British expeditionary force landing in France, IV, 40

British fleet shells Zeebrugge, V, 67

British forces, disposition of, V, 380

British and French offensive, VI, 27

British and French successes, VI, 17

British gains on the Somme, VI, 14

British guns at Gallipoli, IV, 359

British losses at Jutland naval battle, V, 94-98

British losses to 1916, IV, 117

British navy, effect on war, I, 18

British offensive in Artois, IV, 82

British operations south of the Ancre, VI, 39

British policy of isolation, I, 42

British position, August 1, 1915, IV, 46

British position in Persia, IV, 419

British prize court, proceedings, effect of, in United States, V, 32

British raids on the German trenches, VI, 32, 39, 57

British reverses in Belgium, VI, 281

British seizure of ships of American registry, V, 49

British shipping, loss to, IV, 170

British squadron bombards Belgian coast in November, 1915, IV, 112

British statement in regard to Greece, IV, 312-313

British successes in Artois, IV, 85

British successes near Ypres, VI, 264

British at Jutland battle, V, 98-104

British troops on the Ancre, successes of, VI. 224

British troops, suffering of, at Kut-el-Amara, V, 320

British use of tanks, VI, 21

Brody, battle near, IV, 204

Bruges, occupation of, II, 168

Brussels, surrender of, II, 31

Brussilov, in Galicia, V, 167

Bryan, William Jennings, connection with peace propaganda, VI, 295

Buchanan, Sir George, interview with Sazonof, I, 376

Bucharest, capture of, VI, 119

Buczacz, capture of, by Russians, V, 160

Bukoba, capture of, III, 494

Bukowina, operations in, IV, 227

Bukowina, Russian occupation, III, 238

Bukowina, Russian reconquest of, V, 162-172

Bulgar attacks on Rumania, VI, 98-102

Bulgaria, after second Balkan war, I, 257

Bulgaria, conditions for neutrality, IV, 257

Bulgaria, position of, III, 370

Bulgarian army, IV, 270

Bulgarian bombardment of Galatz, VI, 121

Bulgarian declaration of war on Serbia, IV, 269

Bulgarian demands, III, 378

Bulgarian movements in Serbia, IV, 305

Bulgarian pursuit of Serbians, IV, 209

Bulgarians cross Greek frontier, V, 221

Bulgarians, defeat of, in November, 1916, VI, 138

Bullecourt, occupation of, VI, 261

Burian, Baron, letter of Ambassador Dumba proposing munition strikes in United States, V, 9

Bzura, battle along, II, 492

Cadorna, General, III, 404

Caillette Wood, German repulse at, V, 354

Calais, air raids on, IV, 24

Calais, bombardment of, by destroyer flotilla, VI, 482

California, destruction of, VI, 292

Cambon, J., I, 328-330

Cameroons campaign, III, 62, 481

Campbell-Bannerman, Sir, I, 185

Canadians at Arras, VI, 56

Canadians' capture of Vimy, VI, 241

Canadians, raids by, VI, 222

Candler, Edmund, description of operations in Mesopotamia, IV, 448

Canopus, sinking of, II, 223

Carency, surrender of, III, 125

Carinthian front, bombardment by Italian artillery, V, 230

Carlos I, murder of, I, 204

Carnic Alps, conditions in, V, 289

Carpathian fighting, VI, 91, 442

Carpathian Mountain passes, advance of Russians toward. V, 207

Carpathian Mountains, II, 275

Carpathians, campaign in, III, 235-241

Carso Plateau, attack on, by Italian artillery, VI, 155, 464

Castelnau, General de, II, 43

Catholics, movement against, in France, I, 163

Cattaro, bombardment of, II, 359

Caucasus, campaign in, IV, 380

Caucasus, operations in, III, 9

Caucasus, reasons for Russian offensive against, IV, 382

Caucasus, the, II, 286

Cavell, Edith, case of, IV, 98-101

Central powers, area of, I, 286

Central powers, homogeneity of, I, 291

Central powers, military plans of, I, 33

Central powers, position of, on the eastern front, V, 117-121

Champagne campaign, IV, 62

Champagne, French in, VI, 249

Champagne, German attacks in, March, 1917, VI, 230

Champagne offensive, IV, 61

Charleroi, battle of, II, 54-59; IV, 40

Charles Francis Joseph, Archduke, V, 249

Chemistry in war, I, 11

Chicago meat packers' cases, V, 47

Chino-Russian treaty, I, 154

Church and State, separation of, I, 168

Churchill, Winston Spencer, V, 61

"Circular Note" to powers, I, 270

Citizen soldiery, training of, I, 12

City of Memphis, sinking of, VI, 317

Climate in Mesopotamia as a factor in war, IV, 421

Col di Lana, attack on, V, 231

Collo, Italian successes in, IV, 413

Colonial beginnings of Germany, I, 133

Colonial possessions of Great Britain, I, 174

Combes, I, 167

Combles, British attack on, VI, 26

Combles, repulse of German attack on, VI, 18, 25

Concentration camps, VI, 350

Confederation of North German States, I, 128

Congress, American, McLemore resolution in, IV, 505

Congress, opposition of, to President Wilson's policies, VI, 306

Congress, war discussion in, V, 433-438

Constantine of Greece, IV, 341

Constantinople, operations in, IV, 475

Constanza, attacks on, VI, 110

Contalmaison, capture of, V, 397

Cossacks, II, 383

Cossacks, repulse of Turkish troops by, V, 303

Cotes de Meuse, attack at, V, 348

Council of Workingmen and Soldiers, VI, 405-410

Courcelette, capture of, by the British, VI, 23

Courland coast, bombardment of, by Russian torpedo boats, V, 194

Courland, invasion of, III, 337

Courland, operations in, IV, 185

Cracow, attack on, II, 414-416

Craiova, capture of, VI, 114

Craonne, capture of, VI, 256

Craonne, German attacks on, VI, 252

Craonne sector, operations around, July, 1917, VI, 282

Ctesiphon, battle of, IV, 437-443

Cumieres, German attempts to retake, V, 347

Curtain of fire, I, 74

Cyril, Grand Duke, II, 486

Czar of Russia, escape from aeroplane bomb, V, 429

Czarina, influence of, VI, 373

Czernowitz, capture of, V, 169

Czernowitz, retreat at, II, 413

Dankl, retreat of, II, 392

Danube, Rumanian raid across the, VI, 102-111

Dardanelles, aeroplanes at, I, 23

Dardanelles campaign, abandonment of, reasons for, IV, 363

Dardanelles, naval attacks, III, 174-179

Dates, important, I, 325-329

Death's Head Hussars, II, 154

Delarey, General, III, 73

Delcasse, Theophile, I, 319

Deniecourt, capture of, VI, 26

Denman, William, controversy with General Goethals, VI, 343

Destroyers, achievements of, I, 17

Deutschland, V, 111-112

De Wet, General, III, 70

Diarbekr, struggle for, V, 299-306

Diplomacy in the Balkans, I, 59

Diplomatic exchanges, first, I, 322

Diplomatic papers, I, 313

Disraeli, I, 179

Dixmude, III, 166

Dixmude, British and French attacks at, VI, 287

Dixmude, German attack on, IV, 87

Djemel Pasha, II, 500

Doberdo, operations along, V, 232

Dobrudja, operations in, VI, 101

Dobrudja, situation in, October, 1916, VI, 109, 112

Dolomite district, Italian successes in, IV, 397

Dolomite passes, fighting in, III, 393

Dolomites, operations in, V, 243

Douai, aeroplane attack on, IV, 474

Douaumont, French attempts to retake, V, 363

Douaumont, French recapture of, VI, 34

Douaumont, German attack at, V, 344

Dresden, German raider, III, 182

Dreyfus affair, I, 165

Dubno, fortress, capture of, V, 161

Dubno, fortress, strength of, IV, 210-211

Dukla Pass, fighting at, III, 261

Duma, defiance of czar by, VI, 389

Duma, disturbance in, VI, 394

Duma, inability of, to meet crisis, VI, 392

Duma, meeting of, in 1916, VI, 383

Dumba, Dr., explanation of efforts to V, 9

Dumba, Dr., recall of, by Austro-Hungarian government, V, 11

Dunajec, battle of, III, 267, 273

Dunkirk, bombardment of, by German destroyers, VI, 482

Durazzo, Austrian capture of, IV, 328

Durazzo, evacuation of, IV, 414

Dvina, crossing, by Russians, VI, 89

Dvina, Russian attempt to cross, VI, 80

Dvinsk, fighting around, IV, 213

Dvinsk, fortress, strength of, IV, 214

Dvinsk, Russian bombardment around, V, 143

E-13, British submarine, IV, 153

Eastern battle front, conditions in spring of 1916, V, 116

Eastern front, winter on the, IV, 250-254

Eastern front, winter on the, VI, 93, 121-124

East Prussia, devastation in, winter battles in, III, 313, 317

Eaucourt l'Abbaye, British capture of, VI, 28

Edea, capture of, III, 67

Edward VII, I, 182

Effectiveness, naval, I, 19

Egypt, attack on, III, 15

Egypt, Turkish attack on, III, 507

El Kantara, fighting at, IV, 10

Emden, career of, II, 226

Emden, story of, III, 193-205

Emmich, General von, II, 18

England, air raids on, IV, 21

England, east coast, attacked by German Zeppelins, II, 460

Enver Pasha, II, 499

Epine de Vedegrange sector, movements in, IV, 68-70

Erzerum, beginning of Russian advance toward, IV, 383

Erzerum, evacuation of, IV, 389

Erzerum, operations around, III, 9

Erzerum, Turkish losses at, IV, 391

Erzerum, Turkish plan for defense of, IV, 387

Erzingan, capture of, by Russians, V, 339

Erzingan, Russian advance, V, 294

Espionage Bill, divisions of, VI, 338

Explosions at Messines, VI, 267

Explosives, quantity of, I, 68

Exports, embargo on, VI, 341

Eydtkuhnen, attack on, III, 317

Falkenhayn, stroke of, VI, 113

Falklands, battle off, II, 230

Fallieres, M., I, 168

Far eastern problem in 1910, I, 140

Farman speed plane, V, 421

Fashoda, I, 166

Faure, Felix, death of, I, 166

Fay, Robert, activities of, V, 15

Federal control for militia, I, 13

Ferdinand, King, decision to join central powers, IV, 257

Festubert, battle of, III, 128-134

Fighting on western front, August, 1915, character of, IV, 47

Finland, disturbances in, I, 156

Fire, curtain of, I, 74

Fire of machine guns, I, 67

First Ontario regiment, III, 143

First year's operations on eastern front, summary of, IV, 174-178

First year's operations on the western front, summary of, IV, 39-46

Fisher, Sir John, V, 61

Flags, neutral use of, III, 173

Flame jets, German use of, on the Somme, VI, 20

Flame projectors, German use of, IV, 58

Flanders, extensive operations in, VI, 286

Flanders sector, operations in, V, 376

Flers, capture of, by British, VI, 23

Fleury, German repulse at, V, 368

Floods on the eastern front, effect of, V, 141

Foch, General, II, 122

Ford peace expedition, V, 53

Ford permanent peace board, V, 55

Foreign policy of Russia, I, 151

Foreign trade of Germany, I, 49

Forges, German occupation of, V, 345

Fortifications, land, and battleships, I, 24

France, declaration of war, I, 281

Francis Ferdinand, assassination of, I, 260

Franco-Bulgarian operations, IV, 317-318

Franco-Prussian War, I, 128-129

Franco-Russian friendship, I, 154

Franz Ferdinand, diplomatic exchanges in regard to assassination, I, 341

Frederick III, accession of, I, 134

French, Sir John, II, 34

French, Sir John, relieved of command, IV, 115

French advance in the Champagne VI, 231

French aerial maneuvering, IV, 55

French and British envoys, visit of, VI, 351

French armies, mobilization of, I, 297-303

French attack on Douaumont, account of, V, 342-344

French attacks in the Vosges in July and August, 1915, IV, 51

French attack on Souchez, IV, 84

French aviators, activity in December, 1915, and January, 1916, IV, 475

French aviators bombard Saarbruecken, IV, 48

French battle plane, V, 429

French campaign in Artois, IV, 46

French colonial expansion, I, 164

French fleet at Kronstadt, I, 154

French General Staff, V, 355

French in Alsace, IV, 40

French indemnity to Germany, I, 130

French in North Africa, I, 136

French influence on Dardanelles campaign, IV, 365

French occupation of Tunis, I, 163

French offensive, VI, 13

French progress in 1917, VI, 248

French strength in 1917, VI, 290

French troops in Serbia, IV, 279

Fresnoy, German success at, VI, 259

Fricourt, British attack upon, V, 393

Galatz, bombardment of, VI, 121

Galicia, operations in, IV, 185

Gallipoli, concentration of Turkish troops at, IV, 357

Gallipoli, conditions in, August, 1915, IV, 345

Gallipoli, landing on, III, 429-469

Gallipoli, Peninsula of, II, 285

Gallipoli, withdrawal from, IV, 366

Garua, capture of, III, 483

Gas, use and effects of, I, 53

Gas attack at Hooge, III, 148

Gastein Alliance, I, 132

George V, accident to, IV, 102-103

Gerard, Ambassador, request for passport from German Government, VI, 297

German achievement in two years of war; statement by Mumm von Schwarzenstein, V, 508-509

German aeroplanes, VI, 488

German airdrome, VI, 170

German and Austrian merchandise prohibited in Italy, IV, 410

German answer to American note on Sussex, V, 447

German armies in Poland, IV, 181

German armies, I, 292

German army in Belgium, II, 10

German artillery, II, 264

German attacks at Verdun, VI, 58

German attacks in Rumania, cessation of, VI, 120

German attacks near Dvinsk, V, 184

German capture of Craiova, VI, 114

German casualties in the Somme offensive, VI, 9

German claims of losses by submarines, VI, 478

Germans on the Aisne, VI, 248

German counterattacks on the Somme, VI, 16

Germans before Kovel, V, 178-183

German declaration of intentions toward Belgium, I, 487

German declaration of war, I, 278

German defenses of Messines Ridge, VI, 265

German edict against armed merchantmen, V, 50

German Empire, creation of, I, 130

German forces, disposition of, in the Somme sector, V, 378

German forces in Serbia, IV, 259

German foreign policy, I, 136

German foreign trade, I, 49

German intrigues in Mexico, VI, 312

German invasion of Luxemburg, I, 33

German losses, IV, 79-80

German losses at Jutland, V, 94-98

German losses in Russo-German campaign, II, 482

German merchant ships, V, 60

German naval policy, I, 46

German Navy League, I, 141

German offensive, IV, 79

German plots, in United States, in autumn and winter of 1915, V, 12

German position in 1915, IV, 46

German prisoners, VI, 217

German proposals to Belgium, I, 280

German raiders, damage by, III, 183

German raids on England, VI, 482

German rupture with the United States, VI, 205-216

German Samoa, II, 242

German Southwest Africa, III, 68

German steamers, requisition by Italian government, IV, 412

German submarines, VI, 202

German submarine campaign, IV, 166

German submarine decree on the United States, VI, 291

German submarine war zone, VI, 205

German tactics at Jutland, V, 104

German trenches, raids on, VI, 32

German version of the sinking of the Arabic, IV, 484

German vessels interned, VI, 329

Germany yielding to America, V, 451

Germany in Asia Minor, I, 50

Germany, Japanese declaration of war against, I, 284

Germany's declaration of war on Russia, I, 282

Ghent, air raids on, IV, 34

Ginchy, German operations, VI, 16

Givenchy, operations around, III, 187

Gladstone, I, 179

Goeben, German cruiser, II, 494

Gore, Senator, V, 436

Goritz bridgehead, V, 231

Goritz, capture of, VI, 149

Goritz, operations around, VI, 466

Gorizia, attacks on, III, 408

Gorringe, General, V, 314

Goschen, Sir Edward, I, 431

Gough, Sir Hubert, VI, 59

Gouraud, General, succeeded by General Sarrail, IV, 52

Government in Russia, VI, 395

Grand Duke Sergius, murder of, I, 157

Great Britain in Persia, I, 185

Greece, attitude of, IV, 280

Greek forces, V, 223

Greek frontier, V, 214

Greek government, attacked by Venizelos, IV, 311

Greek fleet, seizure of, VI, 137

Greek Macedonia, revolt in, VI, 128

Greek provisional government declares war on Germany, VI, 144

Greek troops surrender of, VI, 129

Grevillers, capture of, by British, VI, 230

Grey, Sir Edward, I, 281, 316

Grey, Sir Edward, note to American government, V, 30

Grodno, fall of, IV, 187

Guillemont, British attack on, VI, 12

Haig, Sir Douglas, promoted to commander in chief, VI, 59

Haig, Sir Douglas, succeeds Sir John French, IV, 116

Haldane, R. B., I, 315

Halicz, battle of, III, 249

Halicz, capture of, by Russians, VI, 437

Hamilton, Sir Ian, plans of, III, 437

Hamilton, Sir Ian, report of Gallipoli operations, IV, 362

Hampshire, cruiser, loss of, V, 108

Harrington, German raids on, IV, 149

Hartmannsweilerkopf, III, 115

Hartmannsweilerkopf, IV, 123

Haucourt-Malancourt, V, 351

Haumont, capture of, IV, 137

Herbecourt, capture of, V, 390

Hermannstadt, attack on, VI, 105

Herzegovina, annexation of, I, 147

Hill 304, battle of, V, 361-371

Hill 185, capture of, VI, 229

Hill 304, German attacks on, VI, 61

Hindenburg, General von, II, 439

Hindenburg, Von, offensive, V, 164

Hohenzollern, redoubt, V, 373

"Holy War," III, 21

Home Rule Bill in Ireland, I, 43

Hooge, operations at, III, 146-151

Hoover, Herbert C, named food administrator, VI, 335

Hostages at Gallipoli, French and British, IV, 359

Housatonic, sunk, VI, 292

House of Commons, Sir E. Grey's statement, I, 490

Hulluch, operations around, IV, 92

Humin, battle of, II, 470

Hungarian frontier, VI, 103

Illinois, sunk by submarine, VI, 317

Illuxt, Russian offensive near, V, 186

India, Russian invasion of, I, 62

Internal policy of Bismarck, I, 133

Ireland, situation in, I, 43

Irles, capture of by British, VI, 229

Isolation, British, I, 42

Isonzo, battles of, VI, 470

Isonzo front, Italian activity, V, 267

Isonzo frontier, battle on, IV, 394

Isonzo front, operation on, VI, 149

Ispaha, capture of, V, 334

Isvolsky, A. P., I, 320

Italian aeroplane service, IV, 469

Italian Alpine troops, V, 268

Italian army, strength of, III, 388

Italian cities shelled, IV, 168

Italian front, VI, 452

Italian landing at Avlona, IV, 327

Italian losses, offensive, V, 257

Italian navy, operations of, IV, 168

Italian objective in Istria, IV, 417

Italian offensive, VI, 468-473

Italian retreat in Trentino, V, 253

Italian strategy, III, 382

Italian Third Army, IV, 393

Italian war loans, IV, 411

Italo-Turkish War, I, 195

Italy, neutrality of, I, 281

Ivangorod, capture of, III, 365

Ivangorod, fighting around, II, 458

Jablonica, Russian advance against, V, 206

Jablonitza, evacuation of, by Russians, VI, 75

Jacobstadt, Russian attack on, V, 126

Jagow, von G., I, 323

Japan and Russia, friendly relations between, V, 61

Japanese declaration of war against Germany, I, 283

Jaroslov, recapture of, II, 411

Jellicoe, Admiral, V, 78-94

Jellicoe, Admiral, report by, V, 90

Jewish persecutions in Russia, I, 153

Joffre, General, II, 38

Joffre, General, IV, 41, 61, 115

Joffre, General, order before Champagne offensive, IV, 61

Joffre, plan of retreat, IV, 41

Judenich, General, IV, 385

Julian front, battles along, VI, 462

Jusserand, J. J., statement in regard to second anniversary of the war, V, 504

Jutland Bank, battle of, V, 70-108

Jutland, engagement off, IV, 150

Kaiser and King of Belgium, I, 341

Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, I, 135

Kalkfield, capture of, III, 489

Kalusz, capture of, VI, 439

Kantara, aeroplane raid on, V, 431

Kara-Urgau, battle of, III, 12

Kars, attacks on, III, 471

Kasr-i-Shirin, capture of, V, 334

Katshanik Pass, IV, 293

Kerensky, Alexander, assumption of supreme command in Russia, VI, 412

Kermanshah, capture of, V, 332

Kheyr-ed Din Barbarossa, IV, 148

Kiao-chau, I, 285

King Edward VII, loss of, IV, 164

King Humbert, I, 192

King of Montenegro, IV, 330

Kitchener, Earl, II, 34

Kitchener, Earl, death of, V, 108

Kluck, Von, retreat of, II, 12

Knight, Rear Admiral, I, 17

Kolomea, capture of, V, 192

Koenigsberg, fighting around, II, 479

Kossovo plain, IV, 297-298

Kovel, resistance near, V, 167

Kovel, Russian attacks on, VI, 86

Kovno, capture of, IV, 183

Koziowa, attacks on, III, 246

Kragujevatz, capture of, IV, 280

Krasnik, battle of, III, 348

Krithia, attacks on, III, 454

Kronprinz Wilhelm, cruiser, II, 226

Kronprinz Wilhelm, raider, III, 187

Kronstadt, French fleet at, I, 154

Kronstadt, mutiny, VI, 414

Kuropatkin, General, V, 120

Kut-el-Amara, V, 307

Kut-el-Amara, British stand at, IV, 444

Kut-el-Amara, surrender of, III, 502

Kuty, capture of, V, 185

La Bassee, attacks on, II, 178-192

La Boisselle, attack upon, V, 385

Labor Peace Council, organization of, V, 24

Labyrinth, attacks on, III, 122-123

Labyrinth, IV, 108

Laconia, destruction of, VI, 293

Lafayette Escadrille, VI, 490

Lake Nyassa, battle on, II, 243

Lansing, Secretary, VI, 294

La Provence, sinking of, IV, 172

Ledro Valley, operations in, V, 237

Leman, General, II, 15

Lemberg, capture of, II, 387

Lemberg, drive against, VI, 70-76

Lemberg, V, 163

Lenine, influence of, in Russia, VI, 408

Le Mesnil, German attacks, IV, 107

Lens, attack around, IV, 82

Lens, conditions in, VI, 245

Les Eparges, fighting at, III, 118

Liberty Bond Loan, VI, 344

Lichnowsky, K. M., I, 323

Liege, capture of, II, 22

Liege forts, fall of, IV, 39

Linievka, capture of, V, 190

Lipa River, crossing of, V, 207

Lloyd-George, David, I, 185

Lombaertzyde, III, 156

London, air attacks on, VI, 174

London, Zeppelin raids, IV, 29, 463

Longueval, British recapture of, V, 408

Loos, capture of, IV, 83

Lorraine front, IV, 57-58

Lorraine, German successes in, VI, 219

Loubet, President, I, 166

Louvain, capture of, II, 28

Lowestoft, air raid on, IV, 22

Lowitz, fighting around, II, 465-467

Lukoff, capture of, IV, 194

Luneville, bombardment of, IV, 54

Lusitania, crisis, IV, 502-503

Lusitania deadlock, IV, 496

Lusitania, sinking of, III, 185, 222

Lutsk, capture of, IV, 202

Lutsk, capture of, V, 158

Lutsk fortress, strength of, IV, 210

Lutsk, Russian attacks on, VI, 86

Lvov, Prince George, VI, 398

Lyman M. Law, VI, 293

Luxemburg, bombardment of, by aeroplanes, IV, 466

Luxemburg, invasion of, I, 280

McLemore resolution, in House of Representatives, IV, 505; V, 440

McNeely, Robert N., IV, 157

Macedonia, invasion of, IV, 277

Macedonia, conditions in, V, 214

Macedonia, reforms in, I, 238

Macedonian Bulgars, II, 282

Macedonia, Allied forces in, VI, 124

Macedonia, Serbian advance in, VI, 132

Mackensen, in Dobrudja, VI, 109, 115

Madagascar, I, 164

Maldon, air raid on, IV, 22

Malines, Belgian control of, II, 32

Mama Khatum, V, 335

Mangin, General, plans of, VI, 35

Manoury, General, II, 134

Margate, air attack on, VI, 171

Mariakerke, V, 431

Maritz, Colonel, III, 70

Marne, battle of the, II, 88-138

Martinpuich, capture of, VI, 23

Massiges, German attack at, IV, 124

Massiges sector, IV, 76

Matoppo, British ship, V, 65

Maurepas, French capture of, VI, 15

Maximalists, in Russia, VI, 418

Mazurian Lakes, battles of, II, 439

Mazurian Lakes, battles of, III, 313

Memel, raid on, III, 334

Merchantmen, armed, V, 60

Merchantmen, submarine warfare on, IV, 499

Messines Ridge, attack on, VI, 264

Metzeral, capture of, III, 165

Meuse, battles on the left bank of, V, 345-348

Meuse, French successes, VI, 64

Microphone, I, 21

Milan, demonstrations in, III, 379

Military operations in the Balkans, V, 214

Military plans of Central powers, I, 33

Military training, I, 14

Militia under Federal control, I, 13

Milukov, Paul, VI, 398, 413

Minneapolis, sinking of, V, 64

Mitrovitza, capture of, IV, 300

Mlawa, movements before, III, 324

Moewe, German raider, achievements of, IV, 159

Monastir, capture of, VI, 141-143

Monchy, capture of, VI, 242

Monmouth, cruiser, II, 223

Monro, Sir Charles, IV, 366

Mons, battle of, II, 60-68

Monte Adamello zone, V, 243

Monte Altissimo, IV, 396

Monte Ancora, attack on, V, 243

Monte Barro, capture of, V, 258

Montenegrin surrender, IV, 336

Montenegro in the war, II, 358-361

Montenegro, conquest of, IV, 329

Monte Rombon, attacks on, V, 230

Mont St. Elio, III, 121

Morgenthau, Henry, IV, 359

Mort Homme, battles of, V, 345, 354, 360, 362

Motor-Zeppelins, V, 418

Mountain fighting, VI, 159-166

Mount Lovcen, effect of capture of, on Italian campaign, IV, 399

Muelhausen, capture of, IV, 40

Mueller, Captain von, II, 229

Mush, massacre at, IV, 378

Mush, Russian capture of, III, 479

Namur, capture of, II, 53

Narotch Lake, V, 124

Natal, British cruiser, destruction of, IV, 163

National growth in Balkans, I, 258

Nationality in Serbia, I, 259

Naval battle of Jutland, V, 70-108

Naval lessons of the war, I, 17

Naval losses, IV, 143-144; V, 113-115; VI, 484

Naval policy, German, I, 44

Naval strength of Austria, II, 206

Naval strength of Germany, II, 204

Naval strength of Great Britain, II, 197

Naval warfare, I, 26; VI, 480

Navy, American, strength of, I, 11

Navy, British, effect on war, I, 18

Navy, increase in personnel, VI, 362

Navy League, German, I, 141

Near East and Russia, I, 153

Near Eastern question, I, 131

Neutral shipping, loss of, IV, 170

Neutrality of Belgium, I, 276

Neutrality terms refused, I, 281

Neuve Chapelle, battle of, III, 83-92

Neuville St. Vaast, capture, III, 127

New Zealanders, gallantry of, at Suvla Bay, IV, 356

Nicholas II assumes command of Russian army, IV, 188

Nicholas, Grand Duke, II, 373; IV, 189; VI, 490

Nicholas, Grand Duke, transferred to the Caucasus, IV, 382

Nicholas, King of Montenegro, IV, 330

Nicholas II, abdication of, VI, 403

Nicholas II, indifference to conditions, VI, 385

Nicholas II, reply to kaiser's message, I, 440

Niemen, operations along, III, 330

Nieuport, attack on, III, 269

Nihilism in Russia, I, 153; VI, 365

Nish, fall of, IV, 288

Nivelle, General, victories, VI, 246

Nixon, Sir John, available forces for capturing Bagdad, IV, 421

North Sea, battle of, II, 252

Notre Dame de Lorette, attacks on, III, 155; IV, 88

Novo Georgievsk, capture of, III, 364; IV, 184

Nuredin Pasha, IV, 426

Nuernberg, II, 224

Nyassaland, fighting in, III, 495

Odessa, bombardment of, VI, 493

Olti, battle of, III, 478

Ortelsburg, capture of, II, 437

Oslavia Heights, capture, IV, 408

Ossowitz, bombardment of, III, 328

Ostend, raids on, IV, 56; VI, 173

Otavi, battle of, III, 490

Palembang, Dutch steamer, V, 62

Palmer, Frederick, the world's war, I, 31

Pan-Slavism, I, 153

Paris, air raids on, IV, 19, 462

Paris, arrival of American troops in, VI, 360

Paris, siege of, I, 129

Pashitch, N. P., I, 321; IV, 289

Passes, battle of, III, 241-244

Peace of Tilsit, I, 84

Pegoud, Alfonse, IV, 50

Pepper Hill, successes at, V, 358

Persia, interests in, I, 185

Persia, British position in, IV, 419

Peronne, V, 390; VI, 232

Pershing, General John J., commander of the American expeditionary force, VI, 356

Persia, destruction of, negotiations over, IV, 500

Persia, British steamship, sinking of, IV, 157

Persian Gulf, importance of, II, 505

Perthes, III, 79; IV, 72

Petain, General, report on operations at Verdun, V, 358

Peter, King of Serbia, IV, 290, 302

Pinsk, IV, 205, 207

Pinsk marshes, Russian successes in, V, 197

Poland, campaigns in, II, 462; III, 345

Poland, Austrian, II, 272

Political situation in Ireland, I, 43

Political conditions in Germany, I, 53

Portugal, sinking of, V, 64

Portuguese seizure of German merchant ships, V, 60

Power of Bismarck, growth of, I, 127

Powers, Central, military plans of, I, 33

Pourtales, F., I, 323

Pozieres, bombardment of, VI, 11

Pozieres Wood, advance on, V, 407

Prinz Eitel Friedrich, German raider, III, 179

Prinzip, Gabrilo, I, 260

Pripet Marshes, IV, 209

Pripet Marshes, operations in, V, 152; VI, 81

Pro-German propaganda in United States, IV, 505

Protopopoff, treason of, VI, 388

Provisional Government in Russia, VI, 398

Prussian alliance with Italy, I, 127

Przasnysz, battles of, III, 324

Przemysl, II, 249, 405; III, 324

Radautz, capture of, V, 183

Radoslavov, Premier of Bulgaria, III, 372

Ramsgate, air raids on, IV, 26

Rancourt, capture of, VI, 27

Rasputin, VI, 374-377, 385

Rawa-Russka, battle of, II, 395

Regime, new, in Russia, VI, 404

Reichstag, Bethmann-Hollweg's statement in, I, 502

Rennenkampf, General, II, 443

Revolution in Russia, VI, 390

Rheims, bombardment of, II, 146-153; III, 152-154; VI, 237

Rhodesia, border fighting in, III, 495

Rifles used in different armies, I, 26

Riga-Dvinsk sector, V, 125, 128, 204

Riga, Gulf of, Russian torpedo boats in, V, 151

Rockwell, Kiffin, death of, VI, 181

Rodzianko, Michael, VI, 391

Roosevelt, Theodore, efforts to take troops to France, VI, 335

Root, Elihu, arrival of, in Russia as American Commissioner, VI, 417

Rovereto, Italian attack on, IV, 396; V, 244

Rovno fortress, strength of, IV, 212

Royal British Corps, loss in, V, 425

Royal Edward, sunk, IV, 149

Rozau, capture of, III, 361

Ruhl, Arthur, the war correspondent, I, 113

Rumania, III, 370; VI, 93-96

Rumania, neutrality of, IV, 256

Rumanian raid across the Danube, VI, 106-110

Russia and Great Britain in Persia, I, 185

Russia and Japan, V, 61

Russia and the Near East, I, 153

Russia in European politics, I, 148

Russian advance on the eastern front, V, 120

Russian mobilization, I, 306

Russian army, rehabilitation of, VI, 428

Russian artillery activity, V, 134

Russian attempts to extend time limit for hostilities, I, 385

Russian autocracy, VI, 364

Russian defeat, effect of, IV, 364

Russian disorganization, VI, 422

Russian fleet, mutiny, VI, 414

Russian foreign policy, I, 151

Russian internal troubles, I, 155

Russian losses in August, 1915, IV, 202-203

Russian mobilization, I, 405

Russian offensive, VI, 431, 440

Russian offensive in the East, V, 154

Russian offensive, temporary lull in, V, 188-192

Russian people and German diplomacy, I, 56

Russian persecution of Jews, I, 153

Russian Poland, II, 268

Russian pursuit of Turks, V, 292

Russian retreat, IV, 229-239

Russian revolution, foreshadowing of, VI, 363-365

Russian rout in Galicia, VI, 445-447

Russian troops in Rumania, VI, 97

Russian troops on the Black Sea coast, V, 61

Russia's attitude on Serbia, I, 377

Russia's strategy in East, II, 433

Russky, General, II, 377

Russo-German treaty, I, 319

Russo-Japanese War, I, 155

Russo-Turkish War, I, 132

Saarbruecken, bombardment, IV, 48

St. Julien, assaults on, III, 102

St. Mihiel, salient, attacks on, III, 116

Sakharoff, General, V, 205

Salandra, I, 322

Salisbury, Marquis of, I, 179

Saloniki, II, 284; IV, 261, 321; V, 215, 429

Saloniki, German air raid on, V, 216

Saloniki, importance of, I, 61

Saloniki, Allies at, IV, 261

Samogneux, abandonment of, by French, IV, 137

Samsonoff, General, II, 436

San, battle of, III, 297-301

San, battles of the, II, 398

San Stefano, treaty of, I, 227

Sarafoff, Boris, I, 242

Sarajevo, I, 260; II, 277

Sari Bair, attack on, IV, 348

Sarrail, General, commands French troops in Balkans, IV, 279; V, 215

Sazonov, Russian Minister, VI, 380

Scarpe River, operations on, VI, 253

Scarborough, raids on, II, 247

Schiller, Ernest, V, 65

Schleswig-Holstein, war for, I, 127

Sea command and troop transportation, I, 24

Selective Draft Law, VI, 346

Semendria, bombardment of, IV, 269

Serbia, invasion of, II, 301; IV, 177

Serbia, offers of peace, III, 376

Serbian retreat to Albania, IV, 303

Serbian army, strength of, in November, 1915, IV, 293-294

Serbian nationality, I, 258

Serbian reply to Austrian note, I, 265-270

Serbian resistance at Babuna Pass, IV, 283

Serbian troops, transport across Greek territory, V, 218

Serbians in Macedonia, VI, 132

Sereth River, crossing by Russian forces, V, 178

Servetsch region, V, 146

Sette Comuni Plateau, Italian successes on, V, 270

Shabatz, battle of, II, 317

Shevket Pasha, I, 244

Shipbuilding program, VI, 343

Shipping Board, creation of, VI, 213

Shipping, neutral loss of, IV, 170

Ships of American registry, seizure by British, V, 49

Shumadia division of Serbian army, heroism of, IV, 275

Sibert, General, with American expeditionary force, VI, 357

Siege of Paris, I, 129

Simonds, Frank H, summary of two years of war, V, 461-502

Simonds, F. H., the theatres of the wars' campaigns, I, 83

Sims, Admiral, commander of American destroyer flotilla, VI, 357

Smith-Dorrien, General, II, 60

Smoke screen, I, 74

Smorgon, fighting around, V, 179

Smorgon, operations around, VI, 80

Soissons, operations around, V, 376

Soldau, capture of, II, 437

Somme, British, and French offensive on the, VI, 27

Somme, battles of, beginning, V, 377

Somme, conditions in situation south of, on July 9, V, 399

Somme front, French and British gains, VI, 19

Somme offensive, German casualties in the, VI, 9

Somme offensive, object of Allies in, V, 377

Somme offensive, spring of 1916, VI, 9

Somme, second phase, V, 401

Souain sector, IV, 71-72

Souchez, attacks on, III, 124-125

Souchez, Canadian raids at, VI, 222

Souchez, French attack on, IV, 84

Southwest Africa, British conquest of, III, 484-493

Souville, attacks on, V, 368

Spee, Admiral von, II, 230

Speed plane, in warfare, V, 421

Stambuloff, I, 233

Stanislau, operations around, VI, 435

Stanislau, advance on, V, 193; VI, 72

Steenstraete, capture of, VI, 287

Stokhod River, V, 198-207; VI, 76-81, 423

Strikes in munitions factories, planned by Germans, V, 10

Strypa River, fighting along, IV, 223-229

Strypa River, Russian artillery attacks along, V, 138

St. Mihiel, French gains, VI, 231

St. Quentin, VI, 236

Stuff Redoubt, VI, 32, 49

Sturmer Boris, VI, 379

Stuttgart, bombardment of, by French aviators, IV, 60

Styr River, IV, 223-229; V, 178

Submarine attacks on American transports, VI, 358

Submarine campaign, IV, 116

Submarine campaign against merchant ships, V, 59

Submarine, detecting, I, 21

Submarine, effectiveness of, I, 19

Submarine, efficiency of, IV, 145

Submarine negotiations, VI, 193

Submarine warfare, III, 209-222

Submarine warfare, VI, 182-188

Submarine warfare in 1917, VI, 475

Submarine warfare on armed merchantmen, IV, 499

Submarines, aeroplane warfare on, V, 414

Suchomlinof, V. A., I, 320

Suez Canal, defenses of, III, 18-19; IV, 11

Summary of first year's operation on western front, IV, 39-46

Sussex, sinking of, V, 63, 443

Suvla Bay, IV, 346-356

Suwalki, occupation of, II, 448

Talaat Bey, II, 499

Tanks, VI, 21, 46

Tannenberg, battle of, II, 438

Tarnow, battles around, III, 286

Tergovistea, capture of, by Austro-Germans, VI, 117

Terrorism in Russia, I, 153

Thiepval, British successes around, VI, 17

Tigris River, IV, 426; V, 326-330

Tigris valley, campaign in, V, 307

Tilsit, peace of, I, 84

Togoland, campaign in, III, 62

Townshend, General, V, 311

Trade, foreign, of Germany, I, 49

Transloy, British successes at, VI, 65

Transportation of troops, I, 24

Transports, protection of, I, 18

Trans-Siberian Railway, I, 153

Trebizond-Erzerum road, V, 299

Trebizond, occupation of, V, 297

Trench bombs, I, 76

Trench fighting, I, 68

Trentino, Austrian offensive in, V, 244-255

Trentino front, VI, 154, 455

Trieste, Italian drive, VI, 159, 452

Triple Alliance, I, 133, 141

Triple Entente, formation of, I, 158

Trones Wood, V, 402-403

Troops, transportation of, I, 24

Tsing-tau, defenses, attacks on, capture, III, 48, 52, 60

Tubantia, Dutch steamer, V, 62

Turkey, American relations with, VI, 328

Turkish navy, operations of, IV, 170

Turkish troops on the eastern front, VI, 83

Typhus, epidemic of, II, 356; III, 475

Uganda, protectorate, I, 180

Undersea warfare, IV, 155

Unification of Germany, I, 130

Union of South Africa, rebellion in, III, 70

United States, development of pro-German propaganda in, IV, 505

U-53, exploits of, VI, 194

Union of Towns in Russia, VI, 377

Van, concentration of Armenians in, IV, 378

Van, Russian successes in, III, 477

Vaux, French defense of, V, 351, 367

Vaux Fort, French recapture of, VI, 37, 39

Veles, resistance at, by Serbians, IV, 278

Venice, air raids on, III, 426; VI, 169

Venizelos, attacks of, on Greek Government, IV, 311

Venizelos, E., I, 60; V, 217

Verdun, attack on, I, 64

Verdun, effect of five months' siege, V, 371

Verdun, French victories at, VI, 54

Verdun, operations around, VI, 19, 53, 281

Verdun, struggle for, IV, 131-142

Victor Emmanuel, address to army, V, 254

Victor Emmanuel III, I, 194

Vienna, congress of 1814, I, 260

Vigilancia, sunk, VI, 318

Vilna, campaign against, IV, 187, 192

Vimy Ridge, capture of, VI, 239

Viviani, Rene, I, 318

Viviani, instruction to French ambassador at Vienna, I, 379

Volhynia, Austrians in, V, 138

Von Bernstorff, note to Secretary Lansing in reply to Lusitania protest in Germany, IV, 485

Von Bethmann-Hollweg, IV, 485

Von Buelow, Prince, I, 136

Von Caprivi, General, I, 134

Von Jagow, interviews with, I, 33, 502

Von Mackensen, commands German forces in Serbia, IV, 258

Von Papen, recalled, V, 26

Von Plehve, murder of, I, 156

Von Rintelen, Franz, V, 22-28

Von Tirpitz, Grand Admiral, attitude toward submarine warfare, IV, 484

Vosges, German activities in, IV, 51, 108

Vulkan Pass, capture of, by Germans, VI, 103

War, German declaration of, I, 278

War, declaration of, between United States and Germany, VI, 325

War Revenue Bill, VI, 333

War zone, establishment of, III, 170

Warsaw, attack on, II, 450

Warsaw, capture of, III, 366-368

Warsaw, movements upon, III, 346

Warsaw, occupation of, IV, 178

Washburn, Stanley, on conditions on eastern front, V, 180-183

Western front, summary of first year's operations on, IV, 39-46

Western front on February 1, 1916, IV, 126

What the war means to America, I, 9

Whitby, raids on, II, 247

Whitlock, Brand, efforts to aid Miss Cavell, IV, 100-101

William II, accession of, I, 134

Wilson, President, address before Congress, April, 1917, VI, 320-326

Wilson, President, on armed neutrality before Congress, VI, 304

Wilson, President, and British blockade of Germany, V, 457

Wilson, President, and Congress, V, 434

Wilson, President, denouncement of unpatriotism, V, 26

Wilson, President, letter to Congress, IV, 503

Wilson, President, note to Russia, VI, 415

Wilson, President, proclamation convening Congress, VI, 319

Wilson's address on relations with Germany, VI, 210

Windhoek, capture of, III, 489

Wood, Major General Leonard, what the war means to America, I, 9

Yarmouth, raids on, II, 246

Yarrowdale, prisoners, VI, 297

Younghusband, General, IV, 446

Yperlee Canal, III, 107

Ypres, attack on, II, 171, 172, 174

Ypres, bombardment of, III, 95

Ypres, British successes south of, VI, 264

Ypres, first battle of, IV, 44

Ypres, German success at, in February, 1916, IV, 122

Ypres, second battle of, III, 99-106

Ypres sector, operations in, in March, 1916, V, 372, 375

Yser, II, 169; III, 167; IV, 122

Yser region, flood in, IV, 117

Zanzibar, I, 180

Zeebrugge shelled, V, 67; VI, 482

Zeppelin attack on Warsaw, IV, 19

Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand, death of, VI, 494

Zeppelin raids on England, IV, 16, 466; V, 422; VI, 494

Zeppelin, value of, V, 412

Zeppelins, loss of, IV, 468; V, 430; VI, 179

Zugan Torta, V, 247

Zungar Valley, V, 247

THE END