This is why we cannot have too much Individualism, we cannot have too much Socialism. They play into each other's hands. To strengthen one is to give force to the other. The greater the vigour of both, the more vitally a society is progressing. "I can no more call myself an Individualist or a Socialist," said Henry George, "than one who considers the forces by which the planets are held to their orbits could call himself a centrifugalist or a centripetalist." To attain a society in which Individualism and Socialism are each carried to its extreme point would be to attain to the society that lived in the Abbey of Thelema, in the City of the Sun, in Utopia, in the land of Zarathustra, in the Garden of Eden, in the Kingdom of Heaven. It is a kingdom, no doubt, that is, as Diderot expressed it, "diablement ideal." But to-day we hold in our hands more certainly than ever before the clues that were imperfectly foreshadowed by Plato, and what our fathers sought ignorantly we may attempt by methods according to knowledge. No Utopia was ever realized; and the ideal is a mirage that must ever elude us or it would cease to be ideal. Yet all our progress, if progress there be, can only lie in setting our faces towards that goal to which Utopias and ideals point.

FOOTNOTES:

[248] In the narrow sense Socialism is identical with the definite economic doctrine of the Collectivistic organization of the productive and distributive work of society. It also possesses, as Bosanquet remarks (in an essay on "Individualism and Socialism," in The Civilization of Christendom), "a deeper meaning as a name for a human tendency that is operative throughout history." Every Collectivist is a Socialist, but not every Socialist would admit that he is a Collectivist. "Moral Socialism," however, though not identical with "Economic Socialism," tends to involve it.

[249] The term "Individualism," like the term "Socialism," is used in varying senses, and is not, therefore, satisfactory to everyone. Thus E.F.B. Fell (The Foundations of Liberty, 1908), regarding "Individualism," as a merely negative term, prefers the term "Personalism," to denote a more positive ideal. There is, however, by no means as any necessity to consider "Individualism," a more negative term than "Socialism."

[250] The inspiring appeal of Socialism to ardent minds is no doubt ethical. "The ethics of Socialism," says Kirkup, "are closely akin to the ethics of Christianity, if not identical with them." That, perhaps, is why Socialism is so attractive to some minds, so repugnant to others.

[251] This idea was elaborated by Eimer in an appendix to his Organic Evolution on the idea of the individual in the animal kingdom.

[252] The term "socialism" is said to date from about the year 1835. Leroux claimed that he invented it, in opposition to the term "individualism," but at that period it had become so necessary and so obvious a term that it is difficult to say positively by whom it was first used.

[253] An important point which the Individualist may fairly bring forward in this connection is the tendency of Socialism to repress the energy of the best worker among its officials at the expense of the public. Alike in government offices at Whitehall and in municipal offices in the town halls there is a certain proportion of workers who find pleasure in putting forth their best energies at high pressure. But the majority take care that work shall be carried on at low pressure, and that the output shall not exceed a certain understood minimum. They ensure this by making things uncomfortable for the workers who exceed that minimum. The gravity of this evil is scarcely yet realized. It could probably be counteracted by so organizing promotion that the higher posts really went to the officials distinguished by the quantity and the quality of their work. Pensions should also be affected by the same consideration. In any case, the evil is serious, and is becoming more so since the number of public officials is constantly increasing. The Council of the Law Society found some years ago that the cost of civil administration in England had increased between the years 1894 and 1904 from 19 millions to 25 millions, and, excluding the Revenue Departments, it is now said to have gone up to 42 millions. It is an evil that will have to be dealt with sooner or later.

[254] Max Stirner wrote his work, Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum (The Ego and His Own, in the English translation of Byington), in 1845. His life has been written by John Henry Mackay (Max Stirner: Sein Leben und Sein Werk), and an interesting study of Max Stirner (whose real name was Schmidt) will be found in James Huneker's Egoists.

[255] In the introduction to my earliest book, The New Spirit (1889), I set forth this position, from which I have never departed: "While we are socializing all those things of which all have equal common need, we are more and more tending to leave to the individual the control of those things which in our complex civilization constitute individuality. We socialize what we call our physical life in order that we may attain greater freedom for what we call our spiritual life." No doubt such a point of view was implicit in Ruskin and other previous writers, just as it has subsequently been set forth by Ellen Key and others, while from the economic side it has been well formulated by Mr. J.A. Hobson in his Evolution of Capital: "The very raison d'etre of increased social cohesiveness is to economize and enrich the individual life, and to enable the play of individual energy to assume higher forms out of which more individual satisfaction may accrue." "Socialism will be of value," thought Oscar Wilde in his Soul of Man, "simply because it will lead to Individualism." "Socialism denies economic Individualism for any," says Karl Noetzel ("Zur Ethischen Begrundung des Sozialismus," Sozialistische Monatshefte, 1910, Heft 23), "in order to make moral intellectual Individualism possible for all." And as it has been seen that Socialism leads to Individualism, so it has also been seen that Individualism, even on the ethical plane, leads to Socialism. "You must let the individual make his will a reality in the conduct of his life," Bosanquet remarks in an essay already quoted, "in order that it may be possible for him consciously to entertain the social purpose as a constituent of his will. Without these conditions there is no social organism and no moral Socialism.... Each unit of the social organism has to embody his relations with the whole in his own particular work and will; and in order to do this the individual must have a strength and depth in himself proportional to and consisting of the relations which he has to embody." Grant Allen long since clearly set forth the harmony between Individualism and Socialism in an article published in the Contemporary Review in 1879.

[256] An instructive illustration is furnished by the question of the relation of the sexes, and elsewhere (Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Vol. VI, "Sex in Relation to Society") I have sought to show that we must distinguish between marriage, which is directly the affair of the individuals primarily concerned, and procreation, which is mainly the concern of society.

[257] See, for instance, the opinion of the former Chief Inspector of Elementary Schools in England, Mr. Edmond Holmes, What Is and What Might Be (1911). He points out that true education must be "self-realization," and that the present system of "education" is entirely opposed to self-realization. Sir John Gorst, again, has repeatedly attacked the errors of the English State system of education.

[258] The phrase Laissez faire is sometimes used as though it were the watchword of a party which graciously accorded a free hand to the Devil to do his worst. As a matter of fact, it was simply a phrase adopted by the French economists of the eighteenth century to summarize the conclusion of their arguments against the antiquated restrictions which were then stifling the trade and commerce of France (see G. Weuleresse, Le Mouvement Physiocratique en France, 1910, Vol. II, p. 17). Properly understood, it is not a maxim which any party need be ashamed to own.

[259] I would again repeat that I do not regard legislation as a channel of true eugenic reform. As Bateson well says (op. cit. p. 15); "It is not the tyrannical and capricious interference of a half-informed majority which can safely mould or purify a population, but rather that simplification of instinct for which we ever hope, which fuller knowledge alone can make possible." Even the subsidising of unexceptionable parents, as the same writer remarks, cannot be viewed with enthusiasm. "If we picture to ourselves the kind of persons who would infallibly be chosen as examples of 'civic worth' the prospect is not very attractive."

[260] "Aristotle, herein the organ and exponent of the Greek national mind," remarks Gomperz, "understood by the hygiene of the soul the avoidance of all extremes, the equilibrium of the powers, the harmonious development of aptitudes, none of which is allowed to starve or paralyse the others." Gomperz points out that this individual morality corresponded to the characteristics of the Greek national religion—its inclusiveness and spaciousness, its freedom and serenity, its ennoblement alike of energetic action and passive enjoyment (Gomperz, Greek Thinkers, Eng. Trans., Vol. III, p. 13).

[261] Convito, IV, 27.

THE END



INDEX

(Names of Authors quoted are italicized.)

Abortion, facultative, 99

Age of consent, 288 et seq.

Aggeneration, 24

Alcohol, legislative control of, 277 et seq., 295 et seq.

Alcoholism, 33, 41

Allen, Grant, 394

Allen, W.H., 11

Ancestry, the study of, 2

Angell, Norman, 321

Anthony, Susan, 111

Antimachus of Colophon, 117

Anti-militarism, 328

Aristotle, 403

Ashby, 33

Asnurof, 283

Aubry, 42

Augustine, St., 5

Australia, birth-rate in, 146 et seq., 162; moral legislation in, 291

Azoulay, 188

Bachofen, 91

Baines, Sir J.A., 153

Barnes, Earl, 223

Basedow, 244

Bateson, 27, 194, 402

Beatrice, Dante's, 122

Beaufront, L. de, 372, 373

Bebel, 71, 88

Becker, R., 118

Belbeze, 211

Benecke, E.F.M., 117

Bergsonian philosophy, 31

Bertillon, G., 63

Bertillon, J., 278

Beveridge, 171

Bible in religious education, 230, 240

Billroth, 353

Bingham, 274

Birth-rate, in France, 17, 136, 188; in England, 17, 137; in Germany, 17, 138; in Russia, 25; in United States, 141; in Canada, 144; in Australasia, 146, 162; in Japan, 155; in China, 156; among savages, 167; significance of a falling, 134 et seq.; in relation to death-rate, 7, 150

Blease, W. Lyon, 70

Bloch, Iwan, 93

Boccaccio, 119, 123

Bodey, 43, 201

Boehmert, 138

Bonhoeffer, 38

Booth, C., 177, 184

Bosanquet, 18, 383, 394

Bouche-Leclercq, 306

Branthwaite, 41

Braun, Lily, 139

Brinton, 351

Budin, 8

Bund fuer Mutterschutz, 96

Burckhardt, 123

Burnham, 221

Bushee, F., 11, 171

Byington, 393

Camp, Maxime du, 50

Campanella, 27

Campbell, Harry, 179

Canada, birth-rate in, 144 et seq.; sexual hygiene in, 253

Cantlie, 179

Carpenter, Edward, 397

Casper, 91

Certificates, eugenic, 30, 44, 202

Chadwick, Sir E., 4, 184

Chamfort, 256

Chastity of German women, 88

Cheetham, 235

Chicago Vice Commission, 277, 295, 300

Child, psychology of, 218

Children, religious education of, 217

China, birth-rate in, 156

Christianity in relation to romantic love, 117

Chivalrous attitude towards women, 124

Civilization, what it consists in, 18

Clayton, 180

Cobbe, F.P., 50

Co-education, 58

Coghlan, T.A., 147, 161, 165, 166

Coinage, international, 378

Concubinage, legalized, 104

Condorcet, 50, 67

Confirmation, rite of, 236

Consent, age of, 288 et seq.

Courts of Love, 119

Couturat, 350, 374

Creed, J.M., 291

Criminality and feeble-mindedness, 38

Cruce, Emeric, 315

Dante, 122, 132

Dareste, 387, 396

Davenport, 35, 36, 44, 198

Death-rate in relation to birth-rate, 7, 150

Degenerate families, 41 et seq.

Degeneration of race, alleged, 19 et seq., 37

De Quincey, 219

Descartes, 349

Dickens, 129

Dill, Sir S., 305

Disinfection, origin of, 5

Divorce, 62, 109

Donkin, Sir H.B., 39

Donnan, 374

Drunkenness, decrease of, 18

Dubois, P., 315

Dugdale, 42

Dumont, Arsene, 157, 160, 171

Economic aspect of woman's movement, 52, 63 et seq.

Education, 6, 47, 57, 71, 201, 217 et seq., 398

Ehrenfels, 25

Eichholz, 36

Eimer, 387

Ellis, Havelock, 15, 31, 40, 44, 49, 88, 100, 108, 118, 130, 154, 161, 179, 186, 204, 206, 207, 220, 244, 259, 369, 394

Enfantin, Prosper, 104

Engelmann, 142, 160, 165

English, characteristics of the, 2; attitude towards immorality, 270; language for international purposes, 355 et seq.

Esperanto, 372

Espinas, 60

Eugenics, 12, 26 et seq., 107, 195 et seq., 399 et seq.

Euthenics, 12

Ewart, R.J., 26, 172

Factory legislation, 5

Fahlbeck, 22

Fairy tales in education, 239

Family, limitation of, 16, 26

Family in relation to degeneracy, 41; size of, 35

Feeble-minded, problem of the, 31 et seq.

Fell, E.F.B., 383

Ferrer, 318

Fertility in relation to prosperity, 169 et seq.

Fiedler, 229

Finlay-Johnson, H., 227, 242

Firenzuola, 123

"Fit," the term, 44

Flux, 138

Forel, 93

France, birth-rate in, 17, 136, 188; women and love in, 119; legal attitude towards immorality in, 265; regulation of alcohol in, 278

Franklin, B., 142, 327

Fraser, Mrs., 115

French language for international purposes, 364 et seq.

Frenssen, 95

Freud, S., 92

Fuld, E.F., 274, 276

Fuerch, Henriette, 252

Galton, Sir F., 28, 29, 44, 45, 107, 195, 197, 198, 200, 203, 208, 402

Gaultier, J. de, 342

Gautier, Leon, 119

Gavin, H., 184

Gayley, Julia, 420

Germany, sex questions in, 87 et seq.; illegitimacy in, 97; sexual hygiene in, 94; legal attitude towards immorality in, 265, 301

Giddings, 46

Godden, 35, 198

Godwin, W., 309

Goethe, 128, 131

Goldscheid, 167, 173

Gomperz, 403

Goncourt, 120

Gouges, Olympe de, 68

Gourmont, Remy de, 122, 299, 317

Gournay, Marie de, 110

Grabowsky, 263

Grasset, 209

Gruenspan, 97

Guerard, 325, 346, 369

Guthrie, L., 239

Haddon, A.C., 234, 245

Hagen, 262

Hale, Horatio, 351

Hales, W.W., 260

Hall, G. Stanley, 220, 224, 232, 233, 303

Hamburger, C., 151

Hamill, Henry, 213

Hausmeister, P., 302

Hayllar, F., 233

Health, nationalization of, 15

Health visitors, 7

Hearn, Lafcadio, 191

Henry, W.O., 252

Heredity of feeble-mindedness, 34; as the hope of the race, 44; study of, 198

Heron, 19, 166

Herve, 329

Hiller, 263, 267

Hinton, James, 133

Hirschfeld, Magnus, 92, 286

Hobbes, 313

Holland, moral legislation in, 291

Holmes, Edmond, 227, 228

Homosexuality and the law, 283, 286

Hookey, N.A., 174

Hughes, R.E., 242

Humboldt, W. von, 61, 106

Huneker, 393

Hungary, birth-rate and death-rate in, 169

Hutchinson, Woods, 186

Hygiene, in medieval and modern times, 5; of sex, 244 et seq.

Idiocy, 32 et seq.

Ido, 373

Illegitimacy, and feeble-mindedness, 37; in Germany, 97

Imbecility, 32 et seq.

Individualism, 3, 381 et seq.

Industrialism, modern, 2

Inebriety and feeble-mindedness, 41

Infant consultations, 8

Infantile mortality, 7, 13, 25, 138, 150 et seq.

Initiation of youth, 234

Insurance, national, 15

International language of the future, 349 et seq.

James, E.C., 123

James, William, 195

Japan, romantic love in, 115; birth-rate and death-rate in, 155; changed conditions in, 191, 322

Jenks, E., 312, 316

Johannsen, 152

Johnson, Roswell, 207

Jordan, D.S., 324

Joerger, 42

Jukes family, 41

Kaan, 91

Kellerman, Ivy, 369

Key, Ellen, 100 et seq., 130, 229, 394

Kirkup, 384

Krafft-Ebing, 92

Krauss, F.S., 92

Kuczynski, 142

Labour movement and war, 329

La Chapelle, E.P., 145

Lacour, L., 68

Lagorgette, 315

Laissez-faire, the maxim of, 3, 400

Lancaster, 231

Language, international, 349 et seq.

Latin as an international language, 354

Lavelege, E. de, 321

Law, in relation to eugenics, 30, 45; to morals, 48; the sphere of, 312

Lea, 88

Leau, 350

Leibnitz, 350

Levy, Miriam, 221

Lewis, C.J. and J.N., 165

Lichtenstein, Ulrich von, 118

Life-history albums, 199, 212 et seq.

Lischnewska, Maria, 248

Lobsien, 226

Loomis, C.B., 361

Lorenz, 21, 373

Love, and the woman's question, 59, 101, 113 et seq.; and eugenics, 203 et seq.

Luther, 94, 228, 306

Mackay, J.H., 393

Macnamara, N.C., 179

Macquart, 188

Maine, prohibition in, 279

Mannhardt, 204

Manouvrier, 86

Marcuse, Max, 94

Marriage, certificates for, 30, 44, 45, 209; economics and, 61; natural selection and, 204; State regulation of, 61 et seq.; the ideal of, 101; in classic times, 114

Marriage-rate, 139, 164, 173

Matignon, 156

Matriarchal theory, 49

Maurice, Sir F., 180

McLean, 161

Meisel-Hess, Grete, 109, 130

Meray, 119, 365

Mercier, C., 20

Meredith, George, 129

Miele, 9

Miers, 354

Milk Depots, 8

Mill, J.S., 52, 71

Moll, 92, 93, 246

Montaigne, 115

Montesquieu, 37

Moore, B., 15, 185

Morals in relation to law, 48, 258 et seq.

More, Sir T., 29

Morgan, L., 66

Morse, J., 224

Mortality of infants, 7, 13, 25, 138, 150 et seq.

Motherhood in relation to eugenics, 46

Mothers, schools for, 9

Mougins-Roquefort, 312

Municipal authorities to instruct in limitation of offspring, duty of, 26

Muralt, 2

Mysteries, Pagan and Christian, 235

Naecke, 186

Napoleon, 69, 265

Nars, L., 69

National Insurance, 15

Nationalization of health, 15

Natural selection and social reform, 13

Nearing, Scott, 194

Neo-Malthusianism, 16, 26, 102, 159 et seq.

Nevinson, H.W., 330

Newsholme, 7, 19, 137, 166, 172

New Zealand, birth-rate in, 148

Nietzsche, 190, 309, 334, 392

Niphus, 123

Norway, infantile mortality in, 14

Noetzel, R., 394

Novikov, 324, 330, 342

Noys, H., 29

Nystroem, 26

Obscenity, 255, 304

Oneida, 29

Ovid, 114, 132

Owen, Robert, 51

Pankhurst, Mrs., 85

Partridge, G.L., 219

Paul, Eden, 208

Pearson, Karl, 198

Penn, W., 341

Perrycoste, F.H., 212

Peters, J.P., 293

Pfaundler, 371

Pinard, J., 252

Pinloche, 244

Plate, 185

Ploetz, 210

Ploss, 167, 176

Police systems, 274

Post Office, inquisition at the, 276

Prohibition of alcohol in Maine, 279

Prosperity in relation to fertility, 169 et seq.

Prostitution, and feeble-mindedness, 38; and sexual selection, 60; varying legal attitude towards, 285, 296

Puberty, psychic influence of, 231 et seq.

Puericulture, 7

Quakers, 270

Quarantine, origin of, 5

Race, alleged degeneration of, 19 et seq., 37

Raines Law hotels, 293 et seq.

Ramsay, Sir W.M., 305

Ranke, Karl, 169

Raschke, Marie, 99

Reform, Social hygiene as distinct from sexual, 1; four stages of social, 4 et seq.

Reibmayr, 22

Religion, and eugenics, 208; and the child, 217 et seq.

Reproduction, control of, 17

Richards, Ellen, 12

Richardson, Sir B.W., 65

Robert, P., 340

Roberts, A.M., 369, 370

Roman Catholics and Neo-Malthusianism, 161

Roseville, 173

Ross, E.A., 156

Rousseau, 229

Rubin, 153, 166

Ruediger, 232

Rural life, influence of, 177 et seq.

Russell, Mrs. B., 9

Russia, infantile mortality in, 14, 154, 168; moral legislation in, 282

Ryle, R.J., 33

Sacraments, origin of Christian, 235

Saint-Pierre, Abbe de, 339

Saint-Simon, 51, 104

St. Valentine and eugenics, 203

Sand, George, 50, 105

Sanitation as an element of social reform, 4

Saussure, R. de, 380

Sayer, E., 35

Schallmayer, 200

Schiff, M., 110

Schleyer, 352

Schooling, J.H., 174

Schools for mothers, 9

Schrader, O., 88

Schreiner, Olive, 130, 330

Schroeder, T., 255, 304

Science and social reform, 11

Sellers, E., 266, 301

Sex questions in Germany, 87 et seq.

Sexual hygiene, 244 et seq., 309

Sexual selection, 59, 203 et seq.

Shaftesbury, Earl of, 6

Sherwell, A., 280

Shrank, J., 285

Siegler-Pascal, 339

Sitwell, Sir G., 327

Smith, Sir T., 120

Smith, T.P., 180

Social reform as distinct from social hygiene, 1; its four stages, 4 et seq.

Socialism, 18, 208, 381 et seq.

Society of the future, 55

Sollier, 354

Solmi, 28

Sombart, 138

Spain, legalized concubinage in, 104; women in, 129

Spanish as an international language, 353

Stanton, E.C., 85

Starbuck, 232

Steinmetz, 312, 331

Steele, 27

Sterilization, 30, 44, 46

Sterility and the birth-rate, 164

Stevenson, 19

Stewart, A., 237

Stewart, R.S., 182

Stirner, Max, 393

Stirpiculture, 29

Stoecker, H., 96

Streitberg, Countess von, 99

Suffrage, woman's, 50, 57, 71 et seq.

Sully, 315, 340

Sun, City of the, 27

Sutherland, A., 312

Sykes, 9

Syndicalism, 329

Syphilis, 32

Taine, 128, 313

Takano, 155

Tarde, 132, 307

Thompson, W., 51

Toulouse, 45, 186

Tramps and feeble-mindedness, 41

Tredgold, 34

United States, birth-rate in, 140 et seq.; sexual hygiene in, 254; attitude towards immorality in, 273 et seq.

Urban life, influence of, 177 et seq.

Vasectomy, 31

Venereal disease and sexual hygiene, 254

Vesnitch, 315

Vineland, 34

Volapuek, 352

Wagenen, W.F. van, 378

War against war, 311 et seq.

Ward, Mrs. Humphry, 76

Weale, B.L. Putnam, 157

Weatherby, 157

Webb, Sidney, 156, 163

Weeks, 35, 36

Weinberg, S., 99

Wentworth, S., 173

Westergaard, 166

Westermarck, 559

Weuleresse, 400

Wheeler, Mrs., 52

White slave trade, 288

Whetham, W.C.D. and Mrs., 199

Whitman, Walt, 66, 403

Wilcox, W.F., 141

Wilde, O., 394

Wilhelm, C., 266

Wollstonecraft, Mary, 50, 69, 70, 111

Woman, and eugenics, 46; movement, 49 et seq.; economics, 63 et seq.; eighteenth century, 69, 128; and the suffrage, 50, 57, 71 et seq.; of the Italian Renaissance, 123; in Spanish literature, 129; and war, 330

Yule, G. Udny, 139, 174

Zamenhof, 372

Zero family, 42

Ziller, 240

WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD. PRINTERS, PLYMOUTH



* * * * *



Transcriber's notes:

With the following exceptions spelling and punctuation of the original text have been maintained:

1. Obvious typographical errors and punctuation inconsistencies. 2. Chapter V, Par 16 "high death-rate" has been changed to "high birth-rate". 3. Chapter VII Par 16 "precocious sexual" has been changed to "precocious scriptural". 4. Ligatured words "mytho-poeic", "OEuvres", and "boef" have been left unligatured. 5. Italicized words have been surrounded with underline "_".

THE END