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The Position of Woman in Primitive Society - A Study of the Matriarchy
by C. Gasquoine Hartley
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INDEX

A

Absorption by the male of female ideas, 75

Advance of the family to the clan and tribe, 36, 67-91, 170, 256 et seq.

Africa, 174-176, 204-205

Agriculture and women, 60 et seq., 116, 158, 194-208

Ahitas of Philippines, 152

Alladians of Gold Coast, 185

Allison, Mrs., 198

Amazons, 34, 36, 38, 228, 245-246

Amazons, revolt of, 31, 32, 36, 38

Ambel-anak marriage, 147, 182

American aborigines, 27, 95-131, 148, 198, 206

Andamanese, women's work among, 197

Andombies, women's work among, 201

Apes, anthropoid, 72, 80, 81

Arabia, 178, 206

Arabs, 179-180, 189

Architects, women as primitive, 117, 203

Arruwimi tribe, 201

Aryans, mother-descent among, 230 et seq.

Athens, 216, 220

Atkinson, Mr., 24, 47, 51, 52, 56, 69, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86

Australia, 102, 167-170, 178

Australia, work of women in, 197, 200, 210

B

Babylon, position of women in ancient, 214-215

Bacchanalian festivals, 38, 241, 243

Bachofen, 26 et seq., 40, 97, 154, 165, 216, 240, 245

Bachofen's theory of matriarchy, 26-44

Bancroft, 116, 119, 124, 125, 184

Bandelier, 207

Banyai tribe, 183

Barton, 178

Basques, 229

Batu tribe, 175

Bavili tribe, 185

Beena marriage, 178, 182, 183, 223, 248

Benefits of marriage law for women, 32

Beni-Amer of Africa, 211

Berbers, 222-227

Bonwick, 195

Brewers, women as, 203

Bride-price, 159, 184, 190, 260, 263

Brute-force of male, 44. See Father as tyrant.

Buckley, 197, 198

C

Californian Redskins, 124

Campbell, 183

Capture of wives, 51, 64, 74, 80, 83, 169, 181

Celts, 233, 234

Ceylon, 173, 182

Charleroix, 114

Chavanne, 160, 161

Chivalry, 162

Choice in love, the right of the female, 64, 113, 151-153, 177, 260

Clan, primitive, 18, 103, 166, 167, 176, 190, 209, 257 et seq.

Communal living, 75, 88, 103 et seq., 116, 117 et seq., 148 et seq., 154, 166, 174, 231, 256 et seq.

Contrast between the work of women and men, 195 et seq.

Conventional morality, 36

Courtship, 45, 120 et seq., 151-153. See Choice in love.

Couvade, 206, 228

Crawley, 47, 77, 82, 95, 96, 209

Creek Indians, 118-119

Crete, matriarchy in ancient, 216, 217-218, 220

Criticism of mother-right, 19, 21, 23, 24, 27, 35, 40, 42, 48, 95-96, 170, 192, 210, 253

Curr, 128

Cushing, 117, 237

D

D'Allosso, Prof., 246

Dalton, 133, 152

Dances, 100

Dargun, 230, 231

Darwin, 45

Deega marriage, 182

De Mailla, 150

Deniker, 198

Dennett, 185

Dependence of the human child, 58

Descent through the mother, 17, 26, 33, 88, 119, 160, 162 et seq., 163-165, 213-214, 220 et seq., 224, 227, 230, 232-233, 249 et seq., 257, 258 et seq.

Diodorus, 211, 212

Divinities, women as, 136 et seq., 154, 214, 217, 219, 229, 231, 240

Divorce, 113, 121, 141-143, 157, 179, 206, 260

Djudur marriage, 182, 259

Doctors, women as, 203

Domestication of animals, 203

Duveyrier, 160, 161, 162

E

Economic matriarchy, 159 et seq.

Egypt, position of women in ancient, 162, 211-214, 227

Ellis, Havelock, 153, 192, 199, 201, 203, 205, 215

Euripedes, 239

Exogamy, 76-77, 87, 119, 123, 135, 141, 154

Expansion of the family into the clan, 67 et seq., 79 et seq., 86-87, 97, 256 et seq.

F

Fairy stories, their evidence for mother-right, 246-252

Family, primitive, 41, 48 et seq., 54-55, 68 et seq., 168-169, 256 et seq.

Fanti of Gold Coast, 175

Father as tyrant, 34, 44, 48, 50, 54, 57, 63, 68, 70, 72, 74, 81, 83, 168, 255

Father the true parent, 38, 39, 239

Father-right dependent on purchase, 182 et seq., 185-186, 188, 190, 262-263

Female dominance, 35, 111, 133, 156, 159. See Gynaecocracy.

Ferrass, Max Henry, 80

Fison, 193, 200, 206

Folk-lore as evidence of mother-right, 233, 234, 236 et seq., 249, 251

Food and women, 59 et seq. See Industry and women.

Forbes, 183

Formosans, 150-151

Frazer, 133, 179, 187, 215, 220, 233

Fuegians, 203

G

Garos, 151-152

Germans, mother-descent among, 230-231

Giraud-Teulon, 28, 176, 216

Greece, ancient, traces of mother-right in, 216-222

Grimm, 231

Grote, 216

Guinea, 181

Gurdon, P. R., 132, 135, 137, 139, 140, 143

Gynaecocracy, 27, 30, 34, 38, 97, 112, 133, 156, 159-162, 176

H

Haddon, 153, 196

Haidis, 187

Hale, Horatio, 205

Hall, J. R., 217, 218

Hammurabi, Code of, 214

Hartland, 114, 123, 125, 172, 177, 186

Hassanyah Arabs, 179-180

Haydes, 198

Hearne, 178

Hebrew patriarchs, 13, 222 et seq.

Heriot, 110, 113, 120

Herodotus, 211, 217, 221

Herrera, 117

Hodgson, 159, 177

Hoffman, 208

Home, woman's connection with the, 34-35, 36, 59, 84, 150, 193 et seq., 263

Homer, 219

Hooker, Sir J., 133

Hopis, 122-123

Hospitality, American-Indian, 108, 230

Howitt, 193, 200

Husband as "consort guest," 15. See Maternal marriage.

Husband visiting the wife by night, 81, 83, 140-141, 220, 258

I

Iberians, mother-right among, 226-227

Ibn Batua, 178

Illegitimacy, 122, 184, 185, 189

Im Thurn, 196, 200

Importance of mother-descent, 17, 20, 21, 27, 32-33, 88-89, 99, 100, 119, 121, 133, 139, 143, 149 et seq., 153, 155, 156, 166, 170, 173, 175, 258-259, 261

Incest, paternal, 79, 176-178

India, 102. See Khasis.

Indians of Guiana, 195, 200

Industry and women, 60-62, 102, 116, 117, 134, 135, 150, 175, 192-208

J

Jealousy, 45 et seq., 51-53, 54, 60, 62, 65, 67, 68, 73, 86, 90, 104, 157, 170, 191, 253

Johnstone, H. H., 201

Joint tenement houses, 106, 117, 148-149, 230

Joyce. See Torday.

Justin, 228

K

Kaffirs, 203

Kamilaroi and Kurnai tribes, 193, 201

Kamtschatdals, 203

Khasis, 132-146, 177, 218

Kingsley, Miss, 175

Kinship through women. See Descent through mother.

Koochs, 176-177

Kubary, 155-156

Kurds, 204

L

Laing, 176

Lang, Andrew, 24, 47, 51, 56, 95

Legends, 33, 101, 137, 217, 219, 232, 236-240, 243-246

Letourneau, 162, 172, 176, 215, 233, 239

Liburni tribes, 188, 231

Limboltz, 152

Limboo tribe, 183

Lippert, 176

Livingstone, 183

Logan, J. R., 133

Lyell, Sir Chas., 132, 137

M

Macdonald, 183, 200

McGee, 16, 27, 117, 126, 133, 149, 152, 201

McLennan, 26, 27, 33, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 52, 76, 105, 155, 181, 183, 185, 187, 220, 229, 244, 245

McLennan, theory of mother-right, 40 et seq.

Madagascar, 189, 226

Maine, Sir H., 18, 223

Malay States, 147 et seq.

Malwlo tribe, 185

Mang'anja tribe, 188

Manyuema tribe, 201

Maoris, 186

Marsden, 182

Marvana Islanders, 180

Mason, O., 197, 200, 202

Maternal love, 69, 70 et seq., 263

Maternal marriage, 15, 17, 41, 85, 86, 87, 100, 112 et seq., 114, 119, 123, 127, 147, 149, 158, 166, 176, 177, 183, 223, 232, 233, 247 et seq., 258

Matriarchal theory, mistakes in, 15, 16, 19, 39 et seq., 90-91, 97, 98. See Criticism of mother-right.

Matriarchate. See Gynaecocracy.

Meave, Queen of Ireland, 252

Menomini Indians, 207

Monogamy, 119, 122, 123, 125, 149, 259

Monopolist desire of male, 186-187. See Unsocial conduct of males.

Moore, 152

Moral prohibition, primitive, 119. See Taboos.

Morgan, 27, 40, 103, 104, 105, 109, 111, 117, 118

Mueller, 216

Musical faculty of women, 161

N

Nairs of Malabar, 171-174

Newbold, 243

New Caledonia, women's work in, 197

New Guinea, 152-153

New theory of mother-right, 35, 43-44, 48 et seq., 72, 90-91, 96, 97, 170, 212, 254, 257

Nicaraguans, 125

O

Origin of the human family, 21, 24, 25, 41-42, 50 et seq., 77, 90, 255 et seq.

Origin of the maternal system, 16, 41, 43, 88-89, 166, 257 et seq.

Owen, 115, 197

Ownership of children, 115, 141, 183 et seq., 187

P

Pakpatan, 189

Pani Kotches, 158-159

Papuans of New Guinea, 201

Paraguay, 152

Parenthood, 37, 268-269

Parke, 201

Passivity of female in love, 153

Patriarchal authority of father, 19, 35, 48, 51, 63, 68, 72, 74, 81. See Father as tyrant.

Patriarchal family, 35, 45, 91, 215, 222, 255 et seq.

Patriarchal theory, 24, 26, 35, 45 et seq., 254

Pearson, K., 231, 240, 241, 243, 248, 250, 251

Pecuniary matriarchy, 159

Pedangs of Sumatra, 148-150

Pelew Islanders, 152-159, 207-208

Petherick, 180

Picts, mother-descent among, 232

Pike, W., 198

Plato, 239

Plutarch, 216, 220

Polyandry, 42, 51, 112, 125, 136, 173, 260

Polygamous males, 49, 50, 52

Polygamy, 112, 125, 157, 259

Polynesians, 203

Position of the father, 13, 15, 17, 21, 58 et seq., 141, 143, 149, 165, 170, 173, 191, 225, 238, 242, 257

Position of the mother, 13, 15, 17, 21, 58 et seq., 111, 165, 176, 191, 225, 238, 257

Position of women, 18, 20, 21, 25, 26, 106, 143, 152, 158, 192, 204, 238

Powell, 114, 116

Power, 202, 224

Pre-matriarchal period, 35, 169, 255

Present social and economic condition, 14, 267-269

Prevalence of mother-descent, 17, 128-129, 209-210, 233

Primal law, 24, 47, 52, 73, 74, 75, 77

Promiscuity, 23, 25, 27, 31, 32, 40 et seq., 43, 45 et seq., 76, 97, 99, 168, 209-210, 255

Property ownership, its importance for women, 43, 45 et seq., 77, 97, 99, 168, 209-210, 255

Pueblos, 116 et seq., 200, 207

Purchase marriage, 124, 177, 182, 233

Puritan spirit, 36, 96, 255

Q

Quissama women, 203

R

Race, responsibility to, 37, 268-269

Ratzel, 206

Religions, position of women in primitive, 29, 37, 238, 241. See Divinities, women as.

Religious festivals, 241, 242-243

Religious myths, 29-30, 33, 236-238

Revolt of women, 31, 34, 35, 44, 267

Rhys and Brynmor-Jones, 233

Riedel, 183

Rome, ancient, traces of mother-right in, 215-216

S

Sai tribe, 123-124

Salish tribe, 127

Samoa, 187

Santals, 177

Schellong, 201

School craft, 110, 112, 116

Semper, 157

Senecas. See Iroquois.

Seri Indians, 126-128

Service marriage, 147-150, 184, 222-223

Sex antagonism, 36, 55, 264 et seq.

Sexual egoism of male, 61, 67. See Unsocial conduct of males.

Sexual freedom for women, 120, 127, 171, 173, 178, 179-180, 260

Sexual subjection of female, 53, 63, 68, 189, 191, 265-266

Similarity of sexes, 129-131, 218

Similkameen Indians, 198

Slavs, the clan among the, 231

Social conduct of women, 31, 34, 55 et seq., 59-65, 68, 70, 72, 75, 81, 90, 107, 193, 256 et seq.

Social habits, primitive, 23, 49, 58 et seq., 67, 81, 107 et seq., 170. See Maternal marriage.

Soulima women, 176

Spain, position of women in, 227-230

Sparta, 220, 222

Spencer, H., 180

Spiritual quality in women, 31, 56, 68

Stages in the development of the family, 17, 23, 97, 168, 174, 194, 254 et seq.

T

Taboos, primitive sexual, 73, 77-78, 107, 168, 170, 257

Tacitus, 230

Tarrahumari Indians, 152

Tasmanian women, 195

Thebans, 220

Thibet, 173

Thomas, C., 129

Thomas, I. T., 181, 202

Thomas, N. W., 95

Torday and Joice, 184

Torres Straits, women's work in, 196

Totem names, 77,87, 119, 168, 257

Touaregs of the Saraha, 159-162, 227

Transition period, 12, 23, 151, 169, 184 et seq., 187, 235, 261

Tribal ancestresses, 135, 155, 226, 231, 233, 234

Turner, 188, 197

Tylor, 25, 98, 104, 117, 152

U

Uncertainty of paternity, 27, 41, 42, 99, 141, 254

Unsocial conduct of males, 55 et seq., 61-64, 68, 71, 72, 75, 90, 193, 256

V

Visiting wife in secret, 140-141, 147, 220, 222-223, 258

Volti, 123

W

Wade, 189

Waitz-Gerland, 181

Wamoimia, 175

War and women, 115-116, 197-198, 246

Watubela tribe, 183

Wayao tribe, 183

Wells, Mr. H. G., 24, 52, 192

Werner, Alice, 175, 204

Westermarck, 18, 35, 42, 47, 76, 95, 99, 125, 152, 168, 209

Wheeler, J. M., 152

Wilkin, 188, 189

Woman as food-giver, 60, 202 et seq.

Woman's movement, 11 et seq., 267-268

Women, primitive, not ill-treated by men, 200 et seq.

Women, spiritual superiority, 30

Wright, Asher, Rev., 111

Wyandots. See Iroquois.

Y

Yahgan of Tierra del Fuego, 198

Yaos of Africa, 175

Ymer, 157

Yokia women of California, 202

Z

Zuni Indians, 117-118, 120-122

Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, London and Bungay.



BY THE SAME AUTHOR

THE TRUTH ABOUT WOMAN

By C. GASQUOINE HARTLEY

(Mrs. Walter Gallichan)

Fourth Edition 7s. 6d. net

SOME PRESS OPINIONS

"The best written and the most profitable of the many recent books upon the woman's movement. It is distinguished alike by the scope of its learning, the skilful way in which evidence is marshalled, and, above all, by the independence of thought and temper brought to the interpretation of the modern issues.... The discussion of sex differences and of the social problems which spring therefrom shows not only wide and deep personal acquaintance with modern men and women, but a singular freedom from some of the squeamishness of thought and feeling which hampers most discussion ... an exceedingly important contribution to the most difficult problem of our and every other time."—J. A. HOBSON in The Manchester Guardian.

"The book shows a fearless intellectual honesty and a deep sympathy and tolerance; it is the work of a serious student and of a woman who knows life as well as libraries.... The chapter on 'Sexual Differences in Mind' is absorbingly interesting, and based on the latest research. She writes finely and truly on the absurd and indecent cruelty of penalising divorce; on the cherished superstition of feminine passivity in love, and the origin of the chastity taboo on women with its waste of life and love. She even has a sane and humane chapter on prostitution, recognising the complexity of its causes, and the kindness and generosity of these scapegoat women to one another, as well as their erotic insensibility. The book should be read by all educated men and women. It will probably be greeted with screams of denunciation from those persons whose hostility forms a hall-mark of mental honesty and social value."—The English Review.

"We very heartily commend this remarkable book.... Every chapter abounds in challenges to thought, and we must thank a woman who has dared and cared to think and dared to say."—The Pall Mall Gazette.

"One of the most thoughtful books about women I have yet read.... The book is certainly of an advanced feminism, yet the author is found most strongly on the side of marriage, of love, of women's femininity as their strength; in fact, of all the things which shallow observers suppose the woman movement is actively denying."—Truth.

"Sane, sound, and well reasoned ... she has more capacity than any other woman writer of the kind we have yet come across for regarding all questions of sex from the man's point of view."—Glasgow Herald.

EVELEIGH NASH, 36 King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

THE END

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