Maria Theresa was elated beyond measure. England was withdrawing from Prussia. Frederic was utterly exhausted both as to money and men; one campaign more would finish the work, and Prussia would lie helpless at the feet of Maria Theresa, and her most sanguine anticipations would be realized. But the deepest laid plans of man are often thwarted by apparently the most trivial events. One single individual chanced to be taken sick and die. That individual was Elizabeth, the Empress of Russia. On the 5th of January, 1762, she was lying upon her bed an emaciate suffering woman, gasping in death. The departure of her last breath changed the fate of Europe.

Paul III., her nephew, who succeeded the empress, detested Maria Theresa, and often inveighed bitterly against her haughtiness and her ambition. On the contrary, he admired the King of Prussia. He had visited the court of Berlin, where he had been received with marked attention; and Frederic was his model of a hero. He had watched with enthusiastic admiration the fortitude and military prowess of the Prussian king, and had even sent to him many messages of sympathy, and had communicated to him secrets of the cabinet and their plans of operation. Now, enthroned as Emperor of Russia, without reserve he avowed his attachment to Frederic, and ordered his troops to abstain from hostilities, and to quit the Austrian army. At the same time he sent a minister to Berlin to conclude an alliance with the hero he so greatly admired. He even asked for himself a position in the Prussian army as lieutenant under Frederic.

The Swedish court was so intimately allied with that of St. Petersburg, that the cabinet of Stockholm also withdrew from the Austrian alliance, and thus Maria Theresa, at a blow, lost two of her most efficient allies. The King of Prussia rose immediately from his despondency, and the whole kingdom shared in his exultation and his joy. The Prussian troops, in conjunction with the Russians, were now superior to the Austrians, and were prepared to assume the offensive. But again Providence interposed. A conspiracy was formed against the Russian emperor, headed by his wife whom he had treated with great brutality, and Paul III. lost both his crown and his life, in July 1762, after a reign of less than six months.

Catharine II., wife of Paul III., with a bloody hand took the crown from the brow of her murdered husband and placed it upon her own head. She immediately dissolved the Prussian alliance, declared Frederic an enemy to the Prussian name, and ordered her troops, in cooeperation with those of Austria, to resume hostilities against Frederic. It was an instantaneous change, confounding all the projects of man. The energetic Prussian king, before the Russian troops had time so to change their positions as to cooeperate with the Austrians, assailed the troops of Maria Theresa with such impetuosity as to drive them out of Silesia. Pursuing his advantage Frederic overran Saxony, and then turning into Bohemia, drove the Austrians before him to the walls of Prague. Influenced by these disasters and other considerations, Catharine decided to retire from the contest. At the same time the Turks, excited by Frederic, commenced anew their invasion of Hungary. Maria Theresa was in dismay. Her money was gone. Her allies were dropping from her. The Turks were advancing triumphantly up the Danube, and Frederic was enriching himself with the spoils of Saxony and Bohemia. Influenced by these considerations she made overtures for peace, consenting to renounce Silesia, for the recovery of which province she had in vain caused Europe to be desolated with blood for so many years. A treaty of peace was soon signed, Frederic agreeing to evacuate Saxony; and thus terminated the bloody Seven Years' War.

Maria Theresa's eldest son Joseph was now twenty-three years of age. Her influence and that of the Emperor Francis was such, that they secured his election to succeed to the throne of the empire upon the death of his father. The emperor elect received the title of King of the Romans. The important election took place at Frankfort, on the 27th of May, 1764. The health of the Emperor Francis I., had for some time been precarious, he being threatened with apoplexy. Three months after the election of his son to succeed him upon the imperial throne, Francis was at Inspruck in the Tyrol, to attend the nuptials of his second son Leopold, with Maria Louisa, infanta of Spain. He was feeble and dejected, and longed to return to his home in Vienna. He imagined that the bracing air of the Tyrol did not agree with his health, and looking out upon the summits which tower around Inspruck exclaimed,

"Oh! if I could but once quit these mountains of the Tyrol."

On the morning of the 18th of August, his symptoms assumed so threatening a form, that his friends urged him to be bled. The emperor declined, saying,

"I am engaged this evening to sup with Joseph, and I will not disappoint him; but I will be blooded to-morrow."

The evening came, and as he was preparing to go and sup with his son, he dropped instantly dead upon the floor. Fifty-eight years was his allotted pilgrimage—a pilgrimage of care and toil and sorrow. Even when elevated to the imperial throne, his position was humiliating, being ever overshadowed by the grandeur of his wife. At times he felt this most keenly, and could not refrain from giving imprudent utterance to his mortification. Being at one time present at a levee, which the empress was giving to her subjects, he retired, in chagrin, from the imperial circle into a corner of the saloon, and took his seat near two ladies of the court. They immediately, in accordance with regal etiquette, rose.

"Do not regard me," said the emperor bitterly, and yet with an attempt at playfulness, "for I shall remain here until the court has retired, and shall then amuse myself in contemplating the crowd."

One of the ladies replied, "As long as your imperial majesty is present the court will be here."

"You are mistaken," rejoined the emperor, with a forced smile; "the empress and my children are the court. I am here only as a private individual."

Francis I., though an impotent emperor, would have made a very good exchange broker. He seemed to be fond of mercantile life, establishing manufactories, and letting out money on bond and mortgage. When the queen was greatly pressed for funds he would sometimes accept her paper, always taking care to obtain the most unexceptionable security. He engaged in a partnership with two very efficient men for farming the revenues of Saxony. He even entered into a contract to supply the Prussian army with forage, when that army was expending all its energies, during the Seven Years' War, against the troops of Maria Theresa. He judged that his wife was capable of taking care of herself. And she was. Notwithstanding these traits of character, he was an exceedingly amiable and charitable man, distributing annually five hundred thousand dollars for the relief of distress. Many anecdotes are related illustrative of the emperor's utter fearlessness of danger, and of the kindness of his heart. There was a terrible conflagration in Vienna. A saltpeter magazine was in flames, and the operatives exposed to great danger. An explosion was momentarily expected, and the firemen, in dismay, ventured but little aid. The emperor, regardless of peril, approached near the fire to give directions. His attendants urged him not thus to expose his person.

"Do not be alarmed for me," said the emperor, "think only of those poor creatures who are in such danger of perishing."

At another time a fearful inundation swept the valley of the Danube. Many houses were submerged in isolated positions, all but their roofs. In several cases the families had taken refuge on the tops of the houses, and had remained three days and three nights without food. Immense blocks of ice, swept down by the flood, seemed to render it impossible to convey relief to the sufferers. The most intrepid boatmen of the Danube dared not venture into the boiling surge. The emperor threw himself into a boat, seized the oars, and saying, "My example may at least influence others," pushed out into the flood and successfully rowed to one of the houses. The boatmen were shamed into heroism, and the imperiled people were saved.

Maria Theresa does not appear to have been very deeply afflicted by the death of her husband; or we should, perhaps, rather say that her grief assumed the character which one would anticipate from a person of her peculiar frame of mind. The emperor had not been faithful to his kingly spouse, and she was well acquainted with his numerous infidelities. Still she seems affectionately to have cherished the memory of his gentle virtues. With her own hands she prepared his shroud, and she never after laid aside her weeds of mourning. She often descended into the vault where his remains were deposited, and passed hours in prayer by the side of his coffin.

Joseph, of course, having been preelected, immediately assumed the imperial crown. Maria Theresa had but little time to devote to grief. She had lost Silesia, and that was a calamity apparently far heavier than the death of her husband. Millions of treasure, and countless thousands of lives had been expended, and all in vain, for the recovery of that province. She now began to look around for territory she could grasp in compensation for her loss. Poland was surrounded by Austria, Russia and Prussia. The population consisted of two classes—the nobles who possessed all the power, and the people who were in a state of the most abject feudal vassalage. By the laws of Poland every person was a noble who was not engaged in any industrial occupation and who owned any land, or who had descended from those who ever had held any land. The government was what may perhaps be called an aristocratic republic. The masses were mere slaves. The nobles were in a state of political equality. They chose a chieftain whom they called king, but whose power was a mere shadow. At this time Poland was in a state of anarchy. Civil war desolated the kingdom, the nobles being divided into numerous factions, and fighting fiercely against each other. Catharine, the Empress of Russia, espoused the cause of her favorite, Count Poniatowski, who was one of the candidates for the crown of Poland, and by the influence of her money and her armies placed him upon the throne and maintained him there. Poland thus, under the influence of the Russian queen, became, as it were, a mere province of the Russian empire.

Poniatowski, a proud man, soon felt galled by the chains which Catharine threw around him. Frederic of Prussia united with Catharine in the endeavor to make Poniatowski subservient to their wishes. Maria Theresa eagerly put in her claim for influence in Poland. Thus the whole realm became a confused scene of bloodshed and devastation. Frederic of Prussia, the great regal highwayman, now proposed to Austria and Russia that they should settle all the difficulty by just dividing Poland between them. To their united armies Poland could present no resistance. Maria Theresa sent her dutiful son Joseph, the emperor, to Silesia, to confer with Frederic upon this subject. The interview took place at Neiss, on the 25th of August, 1769. The two sovereigns vied with each other in the interchange of courtesies, and parted most excellent friends. Soon after, they held another interview at Neustadt, in Moravia, when the long rivalry between the houses of Hapsburg and Brandenburg seemed to melt down into most cordial union. The map of Poland was placed before the two sovereigns, and they marked out the portion of booty to be assigned to each of the three imperial highwaymen. The troops of Russia, Austria and Prussia were already in Poland. The matter being thus settled between Prussia and Austria, the Prussian king immediately conferred with Catharine at St. Petersburg. This ambitious and unprincipled woman snatched at the bait presented, and the infamous partition was agreed to. Maria Theresa was very greedy, and demanded nearly half of Poland as her share. This exorbitant claim, which she with much pertinacity adhered to, so offended the two other sovereigns that they came near fighting about the division of the spoil. The queen was at length compelled to lower her pretensions. The final treaty was signed between the three powers on the 5th of August, 1772.

The three armies were immediately put in motion, and each took possession of that portion of the Polish territory which was assigned to its sovereign. In a few days the deed was done. By this act Austria received an accession of twenty-seven thousand square miles of the richest of the Polish territory, containing a population of two million five hundred thousand souls. Russia received a more inhospitable region, embracing forty-two thousand square miles, and a population of one million five hundred thousand. The share of Frederic amounted to thirteen thousand three hundred and seventy-five square miles, and eight hundred and sixty thousand souls.

Notwithstanding this cruel dismemberment, there was still a feeble Poland left, upon which the three powers were continually gnawing, each watching the others, and snarling at them lest they should get more than their share. After twenty years of jealous watchings the three powers decided to finish their infamous work, and Poland was blotted from the map of Europe. In the two divisions Austria received forty-five thousand square miles and five million of inhabitants. Maria Theresa was now upon the highest pinnacle of her glory and her power. She had a highly disciplined army of two hundred thousand men; her treasury was replenished, and her wide-spread realms were in the enjoyment of peace. Life had been to her, thus far, but a stormy sea, and weary of toil and care, she now hoped to close her days in tranquillity.

The queen was a stern and stately mother. While pressed by all these cares of state, sufficient to have crushed any ordinary mind, she had given birth to sixteen children. But as each child was born it was placed in the hands of careful nurses, and received but little of parental caressings. It was seldom that she saw her children more than once a week. Absorbed by high political interests, she contented herself with receiving a daily report from the nursery. Every morning her physician, Van Swieter, visited the young imperial family, and then presented a formal statement of their condition to the strong-minded mother. Yet the empress was very desirous of having it understood that she was the most faithful of parents. Whenever any foreign ambassador arrived at Vienna, the empress would contrive to have an interview, as it were by accident, when she had collected around her her interesting family. As the illustrious stranger retired the children also retired to their nursery.

One of the daughters, Josepha, was betrothed to the King of Naples. A few days before she was to leave Vienna the queen required her, in obedience to long established etiquette, to descend into the tomb of her ancestors and offer up a prayer. The sister-in-law, the Emperor Joseph's wife, had just died of the small-pox, and her remains, disfigured by that awful disease, had but recently been deposited in the tomb. The timid maiden was horror-stricken at the requirement, and regarded it as her death doom. But an order from Maria Theresa no one was to disobey. With tears filling her eyes, she took her younger sister, Maria Antoinette, upon her knee, and said,

"I am about to leave you, Maria, not for Naples, but to die. I must visit the tomb of our ancestors, and I am sure that I shall take the small-pox, and shall soon be buried there." Her fears were verified. The disease, in its most virulent form, seized her, and in a few days her remains were also consigned to the tomb.

In May, 1770, Maria Antoinette, then but fifteen years of age, and marvelously beautiful, was married to the young dauphin of France, subsequently the unhappy Louis XVI. As she left Vienna, for that throne from which she was to descend to the guillotine, her mother sent by her hand the following letter to her husband:

"Your bride, dear dauphin, is separated from me. As she has ever been my delight so will she be your happiness. For this purpose have I educated her; for I have long been aware that she was to be the companion of your life. I have enjoined upon her, as among her highest duties, the most tender attachment to your person, the greatest attention to every thing that can please or make you happy. Above all, I have recommended to her humility towards God, because I am convinced that it is impossible for us to contribute to the happiness of the subjects confided to us, without love to Him who breaks the scepters and crushes the thrones of kings according to His own will."

In December, 1777, the Duke of Bavaria died without male issue. Many claimants instantly rose, ambitious of so princely an inheritance. Maria Theresa could not resist the temptation to put in her claim. With her accustomed promptness, she immediately ordered her troops in motion, and, descending from Bohemia, entered the electorate. Maria Theresa had no one to fear but Frederic of Prussia, who vehemently remonstrated against such an accession of power to the empire of Austria. After an earnest correspondence the queen proposed that Bavaria should be divided between them as they had partitioned Poland. Still they could not agree, and the question was submitted to the cruel arbitrament of battle. The young Emperor Joseph was much pleased with this issue, for he was thirsting for military fame, and was proud to contend with so renowned an antagonist. The death of hundreds of thousands of men in the game of war, was of little more moment to him than the loss of a few pieces in a game of chess.

The Emperor Joseph was soon at the head of one hundred thousand men. The King of Prussia, with nearly an equal force, marched to meet him. Both commanders were exceedingly wary, and the whole campaign was passed in maneuvers and marchings, with a few unimportant battles. The queen was weary of war, and often spoke, with tears in her eyes, of the commencement of hostilities. Without the knowledge of her son, who rejoiced in the opening strife, she entered into a private correspondence with Frederic, in which she wrote, by her secret messenger, M. Thugut:

"I regret exceedingly that the King of Prussia and myself, in our advanced years, are about to tear the gray hairs from each other's heads. My age, and my earnest desire to maintain peace are well known. My maternal heart is alarmed for the safety of my sons who are in the army. I take this step without the knowledge of my son the emperor, and I entreat that you will not divulge it. I conjure you to unite your efforts with mine to reestablish harmony."

The reply of Frederic was courteous and beautiful. "Baron Thugut," he wrote, "has delivered me your majesty's letter, and no one is, or shall be acquainted with his arrival. It was worthy of your majesty to give such proofs of moderation, after having so heroically maintained the inheritance of your ancestors. The tender attachment you display for your son the emperor, and the princes of your blood, deserves the applause of every heart, and augments, if possible, the high consideration I entertain for your majesty. I have added some articles to the propositions of M. Thugut, most of which have been allowed, and others which, I hope, will meet with little difficulty. He will immediately depart for Vienna, and will be able to return in five or six days, during which time I will act with such caution that your imperial majesty may have no cause of apprehension for the safety of any part of your family, and particularly of the emperor, whom I love and esteem, although our opinions differ in regard to the affairs of Germany."

But the Emperor Joseph was bitterly opposed to peace, and thwarted his mother's benevolent intentions in every possible way. Still the empress succeeded, and the articles were signed at Teschen, the 13th day of May, 1779. The queen was overjoyed at the result, and was often heard to say that no act of her administration had given her such heartfelt joy. When she received the news she exclaimed,

"My happiness is full. I am not partial to Frederic, but I must do him the justice to confess that he has acted nobly and honorably. He promised me to make peace on reasonable terms, and he has kept his word. I am inexpressibly happy to spare the effusion of so much blood."

The hour was now approaching when Maria Theresa was to die. She had for some time been failing from a disease of the lungs, and she was now rapidly declining. Her sufferings, as she took her chamber and her bed, became very severe; but the stoicism of her character remained unshaken. In one of her seasons of acute agony she exclaimed,

"God grant that these sufferings may soon terminate, for, otherwise, I know not if I can much longer endure them."

Her son Maximilian stood by her bed-side. She raised her eyes to him and said,

"I have been enabled thus far to bear these pangs with firmness and constancy. Pray to God, my son, that I may preserve my tranquillity to the last."

The dying hour, long sighed for, came. She partook of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, and then, assembling her family around her, addressed to them her last words.

"I have received the sacraments," said she, "and feel that I am now to die." Then addressing the emperor, she continued, "My son, all my possessions after my death revert to you. To your care I commend my children. Be to them a father. I shall die contented, you giving me that promise." Then looking to the other children she added, "Regard the emperor as your sovereign. Obey him, respect him, confide in him, and follow his advice in all things, and you will secure his friendship and protection."

Her mind continued active and intensely occupied with the affairs of her family and of her kingdom, until the very last moment. During the night succeeding her final interview with her children, though suffering from repeated fits of suffocation, she held a long interview with the emperor upon affairs of state. Her son, distressed by her evident exhaustion, entreated her to take some repose; but she replied,

"In a few hours I shall appear before the judgment-seat of God; and would you have me lose my time in sleep?"

Expressing solicitude in behalf of the numerous persons dependent upon her, who, after her death, might be left friendless, she remarked,

"I could wish for immortality on earth, for no other reason than for the power of relieving the distressed."

She died on the 29th of November, 1780, in the sixty-fourth year of her age and the forty-first of her reign.

This illustrious woman had given birth to six sons and ten daughters. Nine of these children survived her. Joseph, already emperor, succeeded her upon the throne of Austria, and dying childless, surrendered the crown to his next brother Leopold. Ferdinand, the third son, became governor of Austrian Lombardy. Upon Maximilian was conferred the electorate of Cologne. Mary Anne became abbess of a nunnery. Christina married the Duke of Saxony. Elizabeth entered a convent and became abbess. Caroline married the King of Naples, and was an infamous woman. Her sister Joanna, was first betrothed to the king, but she died of small-pox; Josepha was then destined to supply her place; but she also fell a victim to that terrible disease. Thus the situation was vacant for Caroline. Maria Antoinette married Louis the dauphin, and the story of her woes has filled the world.

The Emperor Joseph II., who now inherited the crown of Austria, was forty years of age, a man of strong mind, educated by observation and travel, rather than by books. He was anxious to elevate and educate his subjects, declaring that it was his great ambition to rule over freemen. He had many noble traits of character, and innumerable anecdotes are related illustrative of his energy and humanity. In war he was ambitious of taking his full share of hardship, sleeping on the bare ground and partaking of the soldiers' homely fare. He was exceedingly popular at the time of his accession to the throne, and great anticipations were cherished of a golden age about to dawn upon Austria. "His toilet," writes one of his eulogists, "is that of a common soldier, his wardrobe that of a sergeant, business his recreation, and his life perpetual motion."

The Austrian monarchy now embraced one hundred and eighty thousand square miles, containing twenty-four millions of inhabitants. It was indeed a heterogeneous realm, composed of a vast number of distinct nations and provinces, differing in language, religion, government, laws, customs and civilization. In most of these countries the feudal system existed in all its direful oppression. Many of the provinces of the Austrian empire, like the Netherlands, Lombardy and Suabia, were separated by many leagues from the great central empire. The Roman Catholic religion was dominant in nearly all the States, and the clergy possessed enormous wealth and power. The masses of the people were sunk in the lowest depths of poverty and ignorance. The aristocratic few rejoiced in luxury and splendor.



CHAPTER XXXI.

JOSEPH II. AND LEOPOLD II.

From 1780 to 1792.

Accession of Joseph II.—His Plans of Reform.—Pius VI.—Emancipation of the Serfs.—Joseph's Visit to his Sister, Maria Antoinette.—Ambitions Designs.—The Imperial Sleigh Ride.—Barges on the Dneister.—Excursion to the Crimea.—War with Turkey.—Defeat of the Austrians.—Great Successes.—Death of Joseph.—His Character.—Accession of Leopold II.—His Efforts to confirm Despotism.—The French Revolution.—European Coalition.—Death of Leopold.—His Profligacy.—Accession of Francis II.—Present Extent and Power of Austria.—Its Army.—Policy of the Government.

When Joseph ascended the throne there were ten languages, besides several dialects, spoken in Austria—the German, Hungarian, Sclavonian, Latin, Wallachian, Turkish, modern Greek, Italian, Flemish and French. The new king formed the desperate resolve to fuse the discordant kingdom into one homogeneous mass, obliterating all distinctions of laws, religion, language and manners. It was a benevolent design, but one which far surpassed the power of man to execute. He first attempted to obliterate all the old national landmarks, and divided the kingdom into thirteen States, in each of which he instituted the same code of laws. He ordered the German language alone to be used in public documents and offices; declared the Roman Catholic religion to be dominant. There were two thousand convents in Austria. He reduced them to seven hundred, and cut down the number of thirty-two thousand idle monks to twenty-seven hundred; and nobly issued an edict of toleration, granting to all members of Protestant churches the free exercise of their religion. All Christians, of every denomination, were declared to be equally eligible to any offices in the State.

These enlightened innovations roused the terror and rage of bigoted Rome. Pope Pius VI. was so much alarmed that he took a journey to Vienna, that he might personally remonstrate with the emperor. But Joseph was inflexible, and the Pope returned to Rome chagrined and humiliated that he had acted the part of a suppliant in vain.

The serfs were all emancipated from feudal vassalage, and thus, in an hour, the slavery under which the peasants had groaned for ages was abolished. He established universities, academies and public schools; encouraged literature and science in every way, and took from the priests their office of censorship of the press, an office which they had long held. To encourage domestic manufactures he imposed a very heavy duty upon all articles of foreign manufacture. New roads were constructed at what was called enormous expense, and yet at expense which was as nothing compared with the cost of a single battle.

Joseph, soon after his coronation, made a visit to his sister Maria Antoinette in France, where he was received with the most profuse hospitality, and the bonds of friendship between the two courts were much strengthened. The ambition for territorial aggrandizement seems to have been an hereditary disease of the Austrian monarchs. Joseph was very anxious to attach Bavaria to his realms. Proceeding with great caution he first secured, by diplomatic skill, the non-intervention of France and Russia. England was too much engaged in the war of the American Revolution to interfere. He raised an army of eighty thousand men to crush any opposition, and then informed the Duke of Bavaria that he must exchange his dominions for the Austrian Netherlands. He requested the duke to give him an answer in eight days, but declared peremptorily that in case he manifested any reluctance, the emperor would be under the painful necessity of compelling him to make the exchange.

The duke appealed to Russia, France and Prussia for aid. The emperor had bought over Russia and France. Frederic of Prussia, though seventy-four years of age, encouraged the duke to reject the proposal, and promised his support. The King of Prussia issued a remonstrance against this despotic act of Austria, which remonstrance was sent to all the courts of Europe. Joseph, on encountering this unexpected obstacle, and finding Europe combining against him, renounced his plan and published a declaration that he had never intended to effect the exchange by force. This disavowal, however, deceived no one. A confederacy was soon formed, under the auspices of Frederic of Prussia, to check the encroachments of the house of Austria. This Germanic League was almost the last act of Frederic. He died August 17, 1786, after a reign of forty-seven years, in the seventy-fifth year of his age.

The ambitious Empress of Russia, having already obtained the Crimea, was intent upon the subversion of the Ottoman empire, that she might acquire Constantinople as her maritime metropolis in the sunny south. Joseph was willing to allow her to proceed unobstructed in the dismemberment of Turkey, if she would not interfere with his plans of reform and aggrandizement in Germany.

In January, 1787, the Empress of Russia set out on a pleasure excursion of two thousand miles to the Crimea; perhaps the most magnificent pleasure excursion that was ever attempted. She was accompanied by all the court, by the French, English and Austrian ministers, and by a very gorgeous retinue. It was mid-winter, when the imperial party, wrapped in furs, and in large sledges richly decorated, and prepared expressly for the journey, commenced their sleigh ride of a thousand miles. Music greeted them all along the way; bonfires blazed on every hill; palaces, brilliant with illuminations and profusely supplied with every luxury, welcomed them at each stage where they stopped for refreshment or repose. The roads were put in perfect order; and relays of fresh horses every few miles being harnessed to the sledges, they swept like the wind over the hills and through the valleys.

The drive of a few weeks, with many loiterings for pleasure in the cities on the way, took them to Kief on the Dnieper. This ancient city, the residence of the grand dukes of Russia, contained a population of about twenty-six thousand. Here the imperial court established itself in the ducal palaces, and with music, songs and dances beguiled the days until, with the returning spring, the river opened. In the meantime an immense flotilla of imperial barges had been prepared to drift down the stream, a thousand miles, to its mouth at Kherson, where the river flows into the Black sea. These barges were of magnificent dimensions, floating palaces, containing gorgeous saloons and spacious sleeping apartments. As they were constructed merely to float upon the rapid current of the stream, impelled by sails when the breeze should favor, they could easily be provided with all the appliances of luxury. It is difficult to conceive of a jaunt which would present more of the attractions of pleasure, than thus to glide in saloons of elegance, with imperial resources and surrounded by youth, beauty, genius and rank, for a thousand miles down the current of one of the wildest and most romantic streams of Europe.

It was a beautiful sunny morning of May, when the regal party, accompanied by the music of military bands, and with floating banners, entered the barges. The river, broad and deep, rolls on with majestic flow, now through dense forests, black and gloomy, where the barking of the bear is heard and wolves hold their nightly carousals; now it winds through vast prairies hundreds of miles in extent; again it bursts through mountain barriers where cliffs and crags rise sublimely thousands of feet in the air; here with precipitous sides of granite, bleak and scathed by the storms of centuries, and there with gloomy firs and pines rising to the clouds, where eagles soar and scream and rear their young. Flocks and herds now graze upon the banks; here lies the scattered village, and its whole population, half civilized men, and matrons and maidens in antique, grotesque attire, crowd the shores. Now the pinnacles and the battlements of a great city rise to view. Armies were gathered at several points to entertain the imperial pleasure-party with all the pomp and pageantry of war. At Pultowa they witnessed the maneuverings of a battle, with its thunderings and uproar and apparent carnage—the exact representation of the celebrated battle of Pultowa, which Peter the Great gained on the spot over Charles XII. of Sweden.

The Emperor Joseph had been invited to join this party, and, with his court and retinue, was to meet them at Kherson, near the mouth of the Dneister, and accompany the empress to the Crimea. But, perhaps attracted by the splendor of the water excursion, he struck across the country in a north-east direction, by the way of Lemberg, some six hundred miles, to intercept the flotilla and join the party on the river. But the water of the river suddenly fell, and some hundred miles above Kherson, the flotilla ran upon a sand bar and could not be forced over. The empress, who was apprised of the approach of the emperor, too proud to be found in such a situation, hastily abandoned the flotilla, and taking the carriages which they had with them, drove to meet Joseph. The two imperial suites were soon united, and they swept on, a glittering cavalcade, to Kherson. Joseph and Catharine rode in a carriage together, where they had ample opportunity of talking over all their plans of mutual aggrandizement. As no one was permitted to listen to their conversations, their decisions can only be guessed at.

They entered the city of Kherson, then containing about sixty thousand inhabitants, surrounded by all the magnificence which Russian and Austrian opulence could exhibit. A triumphal arch spanned the gate, upon which was inscribed in letters of gold, "The road to Byzantium." Four days were passed here in revelry. The party then entered the Crimea, and continued their journey as far as Sevastopol, where the empress was delighted to find, within its capacious harbor, many Russian frigates at anchor. Immense sums were expended in furnishing entertainments by the way. At Batcheseria, where the two sovereigns occupied the ancient palace of the khans, they looked out upon a mountain in a blaze of illumination, and apparently pouring lava floods from its artificial volcanic crater.

Joseph returned to Vienna, and immediately there was war—Austria and Russia against Turkey. Joseph was anxious to secure the provinces of Bosnia, Servia, Moldavia and Wallachia, and to extend his empire to the Dneister. With great vigor he made his preparations, and an army of two hundred thousand men, with two thousand pieces of artillery, were speedily on the march down the Danube. Catharine was equally energetic in her preparations, and all the north of Europe seemed to be on the march for the overthrow of the Ottoman empire.

Proverbially fickle are the fortunes of war. Joseph commenced the siege of Belgrade with high hopes. He was ignominiously defeated, and his troops were driven, utterly routed, into Hungary, pursued by the Turks, who spread ruin and devastation widely around them. Disaster followed disaster. Disease entered the Austrian ranks, and the proud army melted away. The emperor himself, with about forty thousand men, was nearly surrounded by the enemy. He attempted a retreat by night. A false alarm threw the troops into confusion and terror. The soldiers, in their bewilderment fired upon each other, and an awful scene of tumult ensued. The emperor, on horseback, endeavored to rally the fugitives, but he was swept away by the crowd, and in the midnight darkness was separated from his suite. Four thousand men perished in this defeat, and much of the baggage and several guns were lost. The emperor reproached his aides-de-camp with having deserted him. One of them sarcastically replied,

"We used our utmost endeavors to keep up with your imperial majesty, but our horses were not so fleet as yours."

Seventy thousand Austrians perished in this one campaign. The next year, 1789, was, however, as prosperous as this had been adverse. The Turks at Rimnik were routed with enormous slaughter, and their whole camp, with all its treasures, fell into the hands of the victors. Belgrade was fiercely assailed and was soon compelled to capitulate. But Joseph was now upon his dying bed. The tidings of these successes revived him for a few hours, and leaving his sick chamber he was conveyed to the church of St. Stephen, where thanksgivings were offered to God. A festival of three days in Vienna gave expression to the public rejoicing.

England was now alarmed in view of the rapid strides of Austria and Russia, and the cabinet of St. James formed a coalition with Holland and Prussia to assist the Turks. France, now in the midst of her revolutionary struggle, could take no part in these foreign questions. These successes were, however, but a momentary gleam of sunshine which penetrated the chamber of the dying monarch. Griefs innumerable clustered around him. The inhabitants of the Netherlands rose in successful rebellion and threw off the Austrian yoke. Prussia was making immense preparations for the invasion of Austria. The Hungarians were rising and demanding emancipation from the court of Vienna. These calamities crushed the emperor. He moaned, and wept and died. In his last hours he found much solace in religious observances, devoutly receiving the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, and passing much of his time in prayer. He died on the 20th of February, 1790, in the forty-ninth year of his age, and the tenth of his reign.

Joseph had been sincerely desirous of promoting the best interests of his realms; but had been bitterly disappointed in the result of most of his efforts at reform. Just before he died, he said, "I would have engraven on my tomb, 'Here lies the sovereign who, with the best intentions, never carried a single project into execution.'" He was married twice, but both of his wives, in the prime of youth, fell victims to the small-pox, that awful disease which seems to have been a special scourge in the Austrian royal family. As Joseph II. died without children, the crown passed to his next brother, Leopold, who was then Grand Duke of Tuscany.

Leopold II., at his accession to the throne, was forty-three years of age. He hastened to Vienna, and assumed the government. By prudent acts of conciliation he succeeded in appeasing discontents, and soon accomplished the great object of his desire in securing the election to the imperial throne. He was crowned at Frankfort, October 9, 1790. With frankness very unusual in the diplomacy of kings, he sought friendly relations with all the neighboring powers. To Frederic William, who was now King of Prussia, he wrote:

"In future, I solemnly protest, no views of aggrandizement will ever enter into my political system. I shall doubtless employ all the means in my possession to defend my country, should I unfortunately be driven to such measures; but I will endeavor to give no umbrage. To your majesty in particular, I will act as you act towards me, and will spare no efforts to preserve perfect harmony."

To these friendly overtures, Frederic William responded in a similar spirit; but still there were unsettled points of dispute between the two kingdoms which threatened war, and large armies were gathered on their respective frontiers in preparation for the commencement of hostilities. In 1790, after much correspondence, they came to terms, and articles of peace were signed. At the same time an armistice was concluded with the Turks.

The spirit of liberty which had emancipated the colonies of North America from the aristocratic sway of England, shivering the scepter of feudal tyranny in France, had penetrated Hungary. Leopold was endeavoring to rivet anew the shackles of despotism, when he received a manly remonstrance from an assembly of Hungarians which had been convened as Pest. In the following noble terms they addressed the king.

"The fame, august sovereign, which has preceded you, has declared you a just and gracious prince. It says that you forget not that you are a man; that you are sensible that the king was made for the people, not the people for the king. From the rights of nations and of man, and from that social compact whence states arose, it is incontestable that the sovereignty originates from the people. This axiom, our parent Nature has impressed on the hearts of all. It is one of those which a just prince (and such we trust your majesty ever will be) can not dispute. It is one of those inalienable imprescriptible rights which the people can not forfeit by neglect or disuse. Our constitution places the sovereignty jointly in the king and people, in such a manner that the remedies necessary to be applied according to the ends of social life, for the security of persons and property, are in the power of the people.

"We are sure, therefore, that at the meeting of the ensuing diet, your majesty will not confine yourself to the objects mentioned in your rescript, but will also restore our freedom to us, in like manner as to the Belgians, who have conquered theirs with the sword. It would be an example big with danger, to teach the world that a people can only protect or regain their liberties by the sword and not by obedience."

But Leopold, trembling at the progress which freedom was making in France, determined to crush this spirit with an iron heel. Their petition was rejected with scorn and menace.

With great splendor Leopold entered Presburg, and was crowned King of Hungary on the 10th of November, 1790. Having thus silenced the murmurs in Hungary, and established his authority there, he next turned his attention to the recovery of the Netherlands. The people there, breathing the spirit of French liberty, had, by a simultaneous rising, thrown off the detestable Austrian yoke. Forty-five thousand men were sent to effect their subjugation. On the 20th of November, the army appeared before Brussels. In less than one year all the provinces were again brought under subjection to the Austrian power.

Leopold, thus successful, now turned his attention to France. Maria Antoinette was his sister. He had another sister in the infamous Queen Caroline of Naples. The complaints which came incessantly from Versailles and the Tuilleries filled his ear, touched his affections, and roused his indignation. Twenty-five millions of people had ventured to assert their rights against the intolerable arrogance of the French court. Leopold now gathered his armies to trample those people down, and to replace the scepter of unlimited despotism in the hands of the Bourbons. With sleepless zeal Leopold cooeperated with nearly all the monarchs in Europe, in combining a resistless force to crush out from the continent of Europe the spirit of popular liberty. An army of ninety thousand men was raised to cooeperate with the French emigrants and all the royalists in France. The king was to escape from Paris, place himself at the head of the emigrants, amounting to more than twenty thousand, rally around his banners all the advocates of the old regime, and then, supported by all the powers of combined Europe, was to march upon Paris, and take a bloody vengeance upon a people who dared to wish to be free. The arrest of Louis XVI. at Varennes deranged this plan. Leopold, alarmed not only by the impending fate of his sister, but lest the principles of popular liberty, extending from France, should undermine his own throne, wrote as follows to the King of England:

"I am persuaded that your majesty is not unacquainted with the unheard of outrage committed by the arrest of the King of France, the queen my sister and the royal family, and that your sentiments accord with mine on an event which, threatening more atrocious consequences, and fixing the seal of illegality on the preceding excesses, concerns the honor and safety of all governments. Resolved to fulfill what I owe to these considerations, and to my duty as chief of the German empire, and sovereign of the Austrian dominions, I propose to your majesty, in the same manner as I have proposed to the Kings of Spain, Prussia and Naples, as well as to the Empress of Russia, to unite with them, in a concert of measures for obtaining the liberty of the king and his family, and setting bounds to the dangerous excesses of the French Revolution."

The British people nobly sympathized with the French in their efforts at emancipation, and the British government dared not then shock the public conscience by assailing the patriots in France. Leopold consequently turned to Frederic William of Prussia, and held a private conference with him at Pilnitz, near Dresden, in Saxony, on the 27th of August, 1791. The Count d'Artois, brother of Louis XVI., and who subsequently ascended the French throne as Charles X., joined them in this conference. In the midst of these agitations and schemes Leopold II. was seized with a malignant dysentery, which was aggravated by a life of shameless debauchery, and died on the 1st of March, 1792, in the forty-fifth year of his age, and after a reign of but two years.

Leopold has the reputation of having been, on the whole, a kind-hearted man, but his court was a harem of unblushing profligacy. His broken-hearted wife was compelled to submit to the degradation of daily intimacy with the mistress of her husband. Upon one only of these mistresses the king lavished two hundred thousand dollars in drafts on the bank of Vienna. The sums thus infamously squandered were wrested from the laboring poor. His son, Francis II., who succeeded him upon the throne, was twenty-two years of age. In most affecting terms the widowed queen entreated her son to avoid those vices of his father which had disgraced the monarchy and embittered her whole life.

The reign of Francis II. was so eventful, and was so intimately blended with the fortunes of the French Revolution, the Consulate and the Empire, that the reader must be referred to works upon those subjects for the continuation of the history. During the wars with Napoleon Austria lost forty-five thousand square miles, and about three and a half millions of inhabitants. But when at length the combined monarchs of Europe triumphed over Napoleon, the monarch of the people's choice, and, in the carnage of Waterloo, swept constitutional liberty from the continent, Austria received again nearly all she had lost.

This powerful empire, as at present constituted, embraces:

square miles inhabitants 1 The hereditary States of Austria, 76,199 9,843,490 2 The duchy of Styria, 8,454 780,100 3 Tyrol, 11,569 738,000 4 Bohemia, 20,172 3,380,000 5 Moravia 10,192 1,805,500 6 The duchy of Auschnitz in Galicia, 1,843 335,190 7 Illyria, 9,132 897,000 8 Hungary, 125,105 10,628,500 9 Dalmatia, 5,827 320,000 10 The Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, 17,608 4,176,000 11 Galicia, 32,272 4,075,000

Thus the whole Austrian monarchy contains 256,399 square miles, and a population which now probably exceeds forty millions. The standing army of this immense monarchy, in time of peace, consists of 271,400 men, which includes 39,000 horse and 17,790 artillery. In time of war this force can be increased to almost any conceivable amount.

Thus slumbers this vast despotism, in the heart of central Europe, the China of the Christian world. The utmost vigilance is practiced by the government to seclude its subjects, as far as possible, from all intercourse with more free and enlightened nations. The government is in continual dread lest the kingdom should be invaded by those liberal opinions which are circulating in other parts of Europe. The young men are prohibited, by an imperial decree, from leaving Austria to prosecute their studies in foreign universities. "Be careful," said Francis II. to the professors in the university at Labach, "not to teach too much. I do not want learned men in my kingdom; I want good subjects, who will do as I bid them." Some of the wealthy families, anxious to give their children an elevated education, and prohibited from sending them abroad, engaged private tutors from France and England. The government took the alarm, and forbade the employment of any but native teachers. The Bible, the great chart of human liberty, all despots fear and hate. In 1822 a decree was issued by the emperor prohibiting the distribution of the Bible in any part of the Austrian dominions.

The censorship of the press is rigorous in the extreme. No printer in Austria would dare to issue the sheet we now write, and no traveler would be permitted to take this book across the frontier. Twelve public censors are established at Vienna, to whom every book published within the empire, whether original or reprinted, must be referred. No newspaper or magazine is tolerated which does not advocate despotism. Only those items of foreign intelligence are admitted into those papers which the emperor is willing his subjects should know. The freedom of republican America is carefully excluded. The slavery which disgraces our land is ostentatiously exhibited in harrowing descriptions and appalling engravings, as a specimen of the degradation to which republican institutions doom the laboring class.

A few years ago, an English gentleman dined with Prince Metternich, the illustrious prime minister of Austria, in his beautiful castle upon the Rhine. As they stood after dinner at one of the windows of the palace, looking out upon the peasants laboring in the vineyards, Metternich, in the following words, developed his theory of social order:

"Our policy is to extend all possible material happiness to the whole population; to administer the laws patriarchaly; to prevent their tranquility from being disturbed. Is it not delightful to see those people looking so contented, so much in the possession of what makes them comfortable, so well fed, so well clad, so quiet, and so religiously observant of order? If they are injured in persons or property, they have immediate and unexpensive redress before our tribunals, and in that respect, neither I, nor any nobleman in the land, has the smallest advantage over a peasant."

But volcanic fires are heaving beneath the foundations of the Austrian empire, and dreadful will be the day when the eruption shall burst forth.



INDEX.

ADOLPHUS (of Nassau) election of over the Germanic empire, 36. summoned to answer charges against him, 37. deposed by the diet, 37. death of, 37.

ADRIAN assumes the tiara, 114.

AENEAS SYLVIUS, remarks of, 72.

AGNES (daughter of Cunegunda) to marry Rhodolph's son, 31. engaged in the massacre, 40. enters a convent, 41.

AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, coronation of Albert I. at, 88. coronation of Charles V. at, 107. taken possession of by Rhodolph, 193. peace of, 461.

ALBERT (fourth Count of Hapsburg), 17. departure of for the holy war, 17. address of to his sons, 18. death of, 18. the favorite captain of Frederic II., 19.

ALBERT I. succeeds his father, 35. his character, 35. elected Emperor of Germany, 37. victor at Gelheim, 37. assassination of, 40.

ALBERT III. rules with Otho, 46. acquisitions of, 47.

ALBERT IV., succession of, 51. improvements projected by, 58.

ALBERT V. declared of age, 59. accepted King of Hungary, 62. death of, 65.

ALBERT (of Bavaria) declines the throne of Hungary, 66.

ALBERT (Archduke) the candidate of the Catholics, 229.

ALLIANCE of barons to crush Rhodolph of Hapsburg, 21. same dissolved, 22.

ALPHONSO (of Castile) candidate for crown of Germany, 23.

ALPHONSO (King of Naples), abdication of, 84.

AMURATH, conquests of, 64.

ANABAPTISTS, rise of the sect of, 115.

ANHALT (Prince of), dispatched with a list of grievances to the emperor, 211. address to the emperor, 212. ban of the empire declared against, 265.

ANN (Princess of Hungary and Bohemia), marriage of to Ferdinand I., 145.

ANNA (of Russia), desire of to secure a harbor for Russia, 400.

ANECDOTES of Rhodolph, 33. of Charles V., 144.

APOLOGY of Maximilian, 96.

ASCHHAUSEN, confederacy at, 194.

AUGSBURG, diet of, 24. bold speech of the diet at, 102. triumphal reception of Maurice at, 133. Confession of, 118.

AUGUSTUS II. loses and regains his empire, 382. death of, 382.

AULIC COUNCIL, establishment of the, 102.

AUSTRIA, a portion of given as dowry to Hedwige, 25. nucleus of the empire of, 27. invasion of by John of Bohemia, 49. wonderful growth of, 52. division of, 72. accession of Ladislaus over, 81. the house of invested with new dignity, 101. becomes a part of Spain, 108. the empire of apparently on the eve of dissolution, 286. the leading power in Europe, 314. dispute as to the succession to the crown of, 352. treaty between Spain and, 373. Maria Theresa ascends the throne of, 415. deplorable state of at that time, 415. defeat of by Frederic, 420. the proposed division of, 422. prosperity of, 444. important territory wrested from, 453. alliance of with Prussia, 459. Joseph II. ascends the throne of, 491. situation and character of, 492. languages spoken in, 493. Leopold ascends the throne of, 500. acquisitions of by the battle of Waterloo, 504 present constitution of, 504. doctrines of the government of, 503. its future, 506.

AUSTRIANS, triumph of the at Brussels, 340. triumph of the at Malplaquet, 341. evacuation of Madrid by the, 345. prohibited from trading-with Spain, 380. the, driven from the Neapolitan States, 388. the, defeated at Crotzka, 407.

BADEN, peace of, 359.

BAJAZET, victory achieved by, 64.

BALDER, attack of Rhodolph upon, 22.

BALLOT-BOX, its authority in Poland, 385.

BALNE (Lord), followers of put to death, 40.

BANDITTI, companies of put down by Rhodolph, 32.

BARBARIA, wife of Sigismond, 60.

BARCELONA, capture of by Charles, 354.

BASLE, attack upon the city of, 20. demands of the Bishop of upon Rhodolph, 22. impious remark of the Bishop of, 23 aid of the Bishop of to Rhodolph, 29.

BAVARIA (Henry, Duke of), intimidated by Rhodolph, 25. marriage of Hedwige to Otho of, 25. agrees to carry the edict of Worms into effect, 114. his hatred of Wallenstein, 275. urged as a candidate for the imperial crown, 279. dishonorable despair of, 438. death of, 488.

BAVARIA (Charles of), death of, 451.

BAVARIA, Maximilian Joseph ascends the throne of, 451.

BAYARD (Chevalier De), the knight without fear or reproach, 90.

BELGRADE, relief of, 69. siege of, 360. capture of by Eugene, 363. surrendered to the Turks, 408.

BELLEISLE (General), heroic retreat of, 441.

BLENHEIM, massacre at, 334.

BLOODY diet, the, 158. theater of Eperies, 325.

BOHEMIA, triumphal march of Rhodolph into, 30. the crown of demanded by Albert I., 39. revolt in, 89. rise of the nobles of against Ferdinand, 127. the monarchy of, 154. religious conflicts in, 155. resistance of to Ferdinand, 156. symptoms of the decay of, 160. Ferdinand's blow at, 263. severity of Ferdinand towards, 270. son of Ferdinand crowned king of, 271. change of prosperity of during reign of Ferdinand II., 272. rise of the Protestants in, 286. the Elector of Bavaria crowned king of, 434. the Prussians driven from, 450. (King of), chosen Emperor of Germany, 431.

BRANDENBURG, reply of the Marquis of to Charles V., 118.

BRITISH MINISTER, letter of the in regard to Maria Theresa, 295. letter of the in regard to the affairs in Hungary, 416.

BRUNAU, the Protestant church of, 235.

BRUNSWICK, marriage of Charles VI. to Elizabeth Christina of, 164.

BRUSSELS, diet at, 139.

BUDA taken by the Turks, 147.

BULL (see Pope).

BURGHERS prevented from attending Protestant worship, 188.

BURGUNDY (Duke of), ambition of the, 77.

BURGUNDY (Mary of), marriage of by proxy, 79. death of, 79.

CAESAR BORGIA, plans for, 89.

CALENDAR, the Julian and Gregorian, 192.

CAMPEGIO, a legate from the Pope to, 114.

CAPISTRUN, JOHN, rousing eloquence of, 69.

CARDINAL KLESES, counselor to the king, 241. abduction of, 242.

CARINTHIA, dukedom of, 48.

CARLOS crowned as Charles III., 388.

CARLOVITZ, treaty of, 326.

CASSAU captured by Botskoi, 198.

CASTLE (Hawk's), situation of, 17. (Oeltingen), the dowry of Gertrude of Hohenburg, 19.

CATHARINE II. ascends the throne of Russia, 480. cooperates with Austria. 481. desire of to acquire Constantinople, 495. grand excursion of, 496. places Count Poniatowski on the throne of Poland, 484.

CATHERINE BORA, marriage of to Luther, 114.

CHANCELLOR OF SAXONY, reading of the Confession of Augsburg by, 118. reply of to the emperor, 118.

CHARLES OF BOHEMIA, succession of to the kingdom of Austria, 47. death of, 47.

CHARLES EMANUEL (King of Sardinia) character of, 386.

CHARLES GUSTAVUS succeeds Christina, Queen of Sweden, 302. his invasion of Poland, 303. energy of, 305.

CHARLES (Prince), defeat of by Frederic, 254.

CHARLES (Prince of Lorraine) marriage of, 447.

CHARLES II., the throne of Spain held by, 328. sends embassage to the pope, 329. induced to bequeath the crown to France, 330. death of, 331.

CHARLES III. crowned King of Spain, 332. army of routed, 340. arrival of at Barcelona, 342. desperate condition of, 344. flight of, 346. description of his appearance, 353. dilatoriness of, 355. crowned king, 356. Carlos crowned as, 388. (See also Charles VI.)

CHARLES V. (of Spain) inherits the Austrian States, 106. petitions to, 106. required to sign a constitution, 108. ambition of, 109. apologetic declaration of, 112. refusal of to violate his safe conduct, 112. attempts of to bribe Luther, 113. determination of to suppress religious agitation, 115. interview of with the pope at Bologna, 117. call of for the diet at Augsburg, 117. intolerance of, 119. appeal of to the Protestants for aid, 122. in violation of his pledge, turns against the Protestants, 122. secret treaty of with the King of France, 123. treaty of with the Turks, 123. forces secured by against the Protestants, 124. alarm of at the preparations of the Protestants, 125. preparations of to enforce the Council of Trent, 125. march of to Ingolstadt, 126. flight of to Landshut, 126. triumph of over the Protestants, 126. conquers the Elector of Saxony, 128. revenge of towards the Elector of Saxony, 128. march to Wittemberg, 128. visit to the grave of Luther, 129. attempts of to settle the religious differences, 129. attempt of to establish the inquisition in Burgundy, 129. power of over the pope, 130. calls a diet at Augsburg. 130. failure of to accomplish the election of Philip, 131. confounded at the success of the Protestants. 133. flight of from Maurice, 133. unconquerable will of, 135. urged to yield, 136. fortune deserting, 137. extraordinary despondency of, 138. abdication of in favor of Philip, his son, 139. enters the convent of St. Justus, 141. convent life of, 141. death of, 143. anecdotes of, 144. attempt of to abdicate the elective crown of Germany to Ferdinand, 160.

CHARLES VI. (see also Charles III. for previous information), limitations imposed on the power of, 356. desertion of by his allies, 357. addition of Wallachia and Servia to the dominion of, 364. marriage of, 364. his alteration of the compact established by Leopold, 364. power of, 365. involved in duplicity, 377. insult to, 380. ambition of to secure the throne of Spain for his daughters, 382. the loss of Lombardy felt by, 387. attempt of to force assistance from France, 390. his first acknowledgment of the people, in his letter to Count Kinsky, 391. interference of in Poland, 393. sends Strickland to London to overthrow the cabinet, 391. troubles of in Italy, 394. distraction of, 396. proposal of for a settlement with France, 397. humbled by loss of empire. 398. a scrupulous Romanist, 400. removal of all the Protestants from the army, 404. fears of for the safety of Maria Theresa, 406. anguish of at the surrender of Belgrade, 411. letter of to the Queen of Russia, 412. death of, 414.

CHARLES VII., death of, 451.

CHARLES VIII. informed of the league against him, 88. death of, 89.

CHARLES XII. joins the Austrian party, 335. death of, 368. conquests of, 382.

CHAZLEAU, battle of, 435.

CHRISTIANA, the succession of Sweden conferred upon, 280. abdicates in favor of Charles Gustavus, 302.

CHRISTIAN IV. (of Denmark), leader of the Protestants, declares war, 267. conquered by Ferdinand, 268.

CHURCH, exactions of the, 102.

CILLI, influence of Count over Ladislaus, 68. driven from the empire, 68.

CLEMENT VII. succeeds Adrian as pope, 116.

CLEVES, duchy of put in sequestration, 213.

COLOGNE, the Archbishop of joins the Protestants, 124. deposition of the Archbishop of, 126.

CONDUCT, Luther presented with a safe, 110.

CONFESSION OF AUGSBURG, 118. reading of, 119.

CONGRESS at Rothenburg, 226. at Hanau, 445. at Prague, 1618, and letter of to Matthias, 236. of electors at Frankfort, 35.

CONSPIRACY against Albert, 36. formed by Albert against Adolphus, 37.

CONSTANTINOPLE, capture of by the Turks, 64.

CONSTITUTION, Charles V. required to sign a, 108.

COUNCIL of Trent, 124. of Trent in 1562, 164. of State convened in Spain, 331.

CREMNITZ, resistance of, 148.

CREMONIA to be disposed of as plunder, 89.

CROATIA invaded by the Turks, 195.

CROTZKA. battle of, 407.

CRUSADE against the Turks, 64.

CUNEGUNDA (wife of Ottocar), her taunts, 27. offer of to place Bohemia under the protection of Rhodolph, 31.

DANUBE, position of Austria on the, 25.

DAUN (Count), honors of at his victory, 473.

DENMARK, the King of obliged to yield to Charles Gustavus, 306.

DIEPOLD thrown from the palace by the mob, 328.

DIET, command of the of Augsburg to Ottocar, 14. at Augsburg, 118. at Augsburg, 130. at Brussels. 139. at Lubec, 269. at Prague, in 1547, 158. at Prague, 179. the Protestant at Prague, 209. decrees of the, 210. at Passau, 137. its agreement as to the rights of the Protestants, 138. at Pilgram, 66. at Presburg, accusation of Leopold by the, 309. at Ratisbon, 179. at Spires, 116. at Stetzim, 349. demands of, 350. at Worms, 86. refusal of the at Worms to cooperate with Maximilian, 96. at Znaim, 61. power of the Hungarian, 308.

DOCTRINE of the three parties, 190. ancient and modern, contention about shadowy points of, 255.

DRESDEN, treaty of, 458.

ERNEST, death of, 202.

ELEONORA (wife of Leopold), her character, 335. marriage of, 336. her death, 337.

ELFSNABEN, a fleet assembled at by Gustavus Adolphus, 281,

ELIZABETH (wife of Philip V.), ambition of, 371. demands of on Charles VI., 372.

ELIZABETH (of Russia), death of, 479.

EMERIO TEKELI invested with the Hungarian forces, 319.

ENGLAND, assistance of against the Turks, 94. supports the house of Austria against France, 332. curious contradictory conduct of, 346. pledge of to support the Pragmatic Sanction, 380. supports Austria to check France, 428. determines to support Maria Theresa, 436. prodigality of, 447. war declared against by France, 448. purchases the aid of Poland, 452. private arrangement of with Prussia, 457. remonstrated with for its treatment of the queen, 463. alliance of with Prussia, 466. a subsidy voted Prussia by, 475. alarmed at the strides of Austria and Russia, 499.

EPERIES, tribunal at, 324.

ERNEST, conquests of, 59.

EUGENE (Prince) commands the Austrian army, 332. his heroic capture of Belgrade, 363. his disapproval of the war, 389. death of, 398. funeral honors of. 399.

EUROPE, condition of the different powers of, 269.

EXCOMMUNICATION of the Venetians, 97.

FAMILY of Rhodolph, 25. the three daughters of the imperial, 364.

FERDINAND (of Austria) invested with the government of the Austrian States, 113. determines to arrest Protestantism, 114. assumes some impartiality, 116. chosen King of the Romans, 120. Bohemia and Hungary added to his kingdom, 146. demands the restitution of Belgrade, 146. his siege of Buda, 153. tribute of to the Turks, 153. his attempts to weaken the power of the Hungarian nobles, 155. conditions of his pardon of the Hungarian nobles, 157. his punishment of the revolters, 158. his establishment of the Jesuits in Bohemia, 158. his inconsistencies, 158. obtains the crown of Germany, 161. opposed by the pope, 162. elected Emperor of Germany, 233. character of, 234. rich spoils of, 273. he assembles a diet at Eatisbon, 275. perplexity of in regard to the demands of the diet, 277.

FERDINAND (King of Arragon) furnishes supplies for the war against the Venetians, 95.

FERDINAND (of Naples), flight of to Ischia, 85.

FERDINAND (King of the Romans) crowned at Ratisbon, 302. his death, 302.

FERDINAND I. illustrious birth of, 145. marriage of, 145. efforts of to unite Protestants and Catholics, 164. attempts of to prevent the spread of Protestantism, 167. the founder of the Austrian empire, 168. death of, 168.

FERDINAND II. manifesto of, 240. abduction of Cardinal Kleses by, 242. troops of defeated by the Protestants, 243. refers the complaints of the Protestants to arbitration, 343. unpopularity of with the Catholics, 247. unexpected rescue of, 249. elected King of Germany, 250. concludes an alliance with Maximilian, 254. secures the cooeperation of the Elector of Saxony and Louis XIII., 256. subdues Austria, 257. barbarity of the troops of, 258. vengeance of, 263. meeting at Ratisbon to approve the acts of, 265. victories of, 268. capture of the duchies of Mecklenburg, 268. seizes Pomerania, 268. revokes all concessions to the Protestants, 270. son of crowned King of Bohemia, 271. manifesto of against Gustavus Adolphus, 283. decorous appreciation of to the memory of Gustavus Adolphus, 296. outwitted by a Capuchin friar, 279. succeeds in securing the election of his son Ferdinand, 299. his death, 299.

FERDINAND III. ascends the throne, 245. his proposal for a truce with Prague, 246. desire of for peace, 300. succeeds in securing the election of his son as Ferdinand King of the Romans, 302. death of, 303.

FLEURY (Cardinal), ascendancy of over Louis XV., 378.

FLORENCE threatened by Louis XII., 90.

FRANCE influence of in wresting sacrifices from the emperor, 279. the dominant power, 315. fraud by which obtained possession of Spain, 331. condition of under Louis XIV., 357. refusal of to engage in the Polish war, 390. design of to deprive Maria Theresa of her kingdom, 428. declares war against England, 448. alliance of effected with Austria. 467.

FRANCIS (of France) claims Austria, 106. perfidy of, 127. death of, 128.

FRANCIS I. (Duke of Lorraine) elected Emperor of Germany, 457.

FRANCIS II. ascends the throne, 504.

FRANCIS RAVAILLAC, the assassin of Henry IV., 215.

FRANKFORT, congress at, 35.

FREDERIC (King of Naples), doom of, 92.

FREDERIC (of Saxony) friendly seizure of Luther by, 113. death of, 114.

FREDERIC I. (the Handsome) capture of 43. surrender of, 44. death of, 45.

FREDERIC II. (of Germany) renown of, 18. death of, 482. curious occupations of, 483.

FREDERIC II. (of Austria) treachery of, 75. wanderings of, 77. death of, 81.

FREDERIC V., character of, 251. accepts the crown of Bohemia, 251. inefficiency of, 258. his feast during the assault, 258. renounces all claim to Bohemia, 259. flight of, 262. his property sequestrated, 264.

FREDERIC (King of Bohemia, Elector of Palatine), death of, 296.

FREDERIC (of Prussia), demands of, 417. seizure of Silesia by, 418. triumphal entrance into Breslau, 419. his defeat of Neuperg, 420. opinions of on magnanimity, 423. his indignation at the small concessions of Austria, 424. implores peace, 433. violation of his pledge, 435. capture of Prague by, 419. surprises and defeats Prince Charles, 454. invasion of Saxony by, 458. explanation demanded from Austria by, 469. artifice of to entrap the allies, 470. defeat of at Prague, 473. recklessness of, 476. undaunted perseverance of, 477. despair of, 479. secures an alliance with Prussia, 480. letter of to Maria Theresa, 488. peaceful reply of, 500.

FRENCH, the, driven out of Italy, 94. the, routed near Brussels, 340. rout of at Brussels, 340. defeat of the at Malplaquet, 341.

GABRIEL BETHLEHEM chosen leader in the Hungarian revolution, 152. he retires to Presburg, 253. compelled to sue for peace, 268.

GELHEIM, battle of, 37.

GALLAS appointed commander in place of Wallenstein, 268.

GENOA, aid furnished Leopold by, 311.

GERMANY, its conglomeration of States, 18. independence of each State of, 18. position of the Emperor of, 19. decline of the imperial dignity of, 85. its division into ten districts, 101. growing independence in of the pope, 162. tranquillity of under Ferdinand, 172. rejoicing in at the downfall of Rhodolph, 225. divided into two leagues, 253. distracted state of, 299. religious agitation in, 370. the Elector of Bavaria chosen Emperor of, 434.

GERTRUDE (of Hohenburg), marriage of to Rhodolph of Hapsburg, 19. her dowry, 19.

GHIARADADDA to be bestowed on Venice, 89.

GIBRALTAR taken by the English, 339.

GOLDEN FLEECE, establishment of the order of the, 372.

GRAN, capture of the fortress at, 324.

GREAT WARDEIN, siege of, 307. the Turks retain, 313.

GRENADER, the plot at, 92.

GRIEVANCES complained of by the confederacy at Heilbrun, 192.

GUICCIARDINI, remark of Charles V. about, 144.

GUNPOWDER, its introduction, 82.

GUNTZ, triumphant resistance of the fortress of, 150.

GUSTAVUS YASA (King of Sweden), league with against Charles V., 127.

GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, rouses the country against Ferdinand II., 280. assembles a fleet at Elfsnaben, 281. Stettin captured by, 281. Mark of Brandenburg taken possession of by, 281. conquers at the battle of Leipsic, 285. his tranquil campaign, 286. his intrenchment at Nuremberg, 290. his attack on Wallenstein, 293. his death, 293. relics of, 295.

HANAU, conference at, 445.

HANOVER, title of the Elector of to the crown of England, 367.

HAWK'S Castle. (See Castle.)

HEDWIGE, wife of Albert of Hapsburg, 18. betrothal of, 53.

HELVETIC STATES, independence of acknowledged, 89.

HENRY (Duke of Anjou), abdication of the throne of Poland, 180. succeeds Charles IX., 180.

HENRY (Duke of Carinthia) chosen king, 39.

HENRY (Count of Luxemburg) elected Emperor of Austria, 41. his death, 41.

HENRY (of Valois) succeeds Charles IX., 171.

HENRY VIII. (of England) claims Austria, 107.

HENRY IV. (of France), efforts of to unite Lutherans and Calvinists, 190. political course of, 214. assassination of, 215. his plans for remodeling Europe, 216.

HOCKKIRCHEN, battle of, 475.

HOLY LEAGUE, formation of, 116.

HUNGARIANS, the, summons a diet, 349. the, remonstrate with Leopold, 501. (see also Hungary.)

HUNGARY, despotism of Rhodolph III. in, 196. new revolt in, 307. attempt of Leopold to establish despotic power in, 317. rise of against Leopold, 333. troubles in observed by Joseph I., 349. enthusiastic support of Maria Theresa in, 432. (see also Hungarian.)

HUNNLADES (John), regent of Hungary, 68, popularity of, 68. death of, 71.

HYMN, singing of a by the army of Gustavus on the field of battle, 292.

ISABELLA (wife of Frederic), death of, 45.

ISABELLA (of Spain), determination of to obtain for her son the crown of Hungary, 152. propositions of to Ferdinand for peace, 154.

IMPERIAL CHAMBER, creation of the, 87.

INGOLSTADT, Charles V. marches to, 126.

INNSPRUCK, arrival of the Duke of Ludovico at, 90. the emperor sick at, 103. the palace at surrendered to pillage, 134.

INSURRECTION in Vienna, 36. of Suabia, 55.

INZENDORF, the Lord of arrested by Matthias, 206.

ISCHIA, flight of Ferdinand to the island of, 85.

ITALY, invasion of by Mahomet II., 82. victories of Henry of France in, 136. invaded by the Spaniards, 388. invaded by the French and Spaniards, 452.

JAGHELLON, the Grand Duke, 53. marriage of Hedwige to, 54. baptism of, 54. (for further reference see Ladislaus.)

JAMES I., matrimonial negotiations of, 266.

JEANETTE POISSON (see Marchioness of Pompadour).

JESUITS, the, expelled from Prague, 239.

JOANNA (of Spain), insanity of, 106.

JOHN (of Bohemia), character of, 46. his invasion of Austria, 49.

JOHN SIGISMOND, death of, 178.

JOHN SOBIESKI goes to the relief of Vienna, 320. enthusiastic reception of, 322. refuses to fight Tekeli, 324.

JOHN (the Constant) succeeds Frederic, Elector of Saxony, 114.

JOHN (of Tapoli), negotiations of with the Turks for the throne of Hungary, 151. marriage and death of, 52.

JOHN (of Medici) elected pope, 100.

JOSEPH (of Germany) elected as successor of Leopold, 316.

JOSEPH I. secures a treaty with France for neutrality for Italy, 339. continues the war against Spain, 338. political concessions of in Hungary, 349. refusal of to grant the demands of the diet, 350. Transylvania again subject to, 351. rout of the Hungarians by, 351. death of, 352.

JOSEPH II. (of Austria) elected to succeed the Emperor Francis, 481. assumes the crown of Germany, 484. succeeds Maria Theresa, 491. character of, 492. death of, 500. attempt of to obliterate distinctions in Austria, 493. emancipates the serfs of, 494. joins the excursion of Catherine II., 497. defeat of at Belgrade, 498. successes of, 499.

JULIUS III. ascends the pontifical throne, 130.

KAUNITZ (Count) appointed prime minister, 462.

KEVENHULLER (General) given the command of the Austrian army, 405.

KING, nominal power of the, 308.

KINSKY, letter of Charles VI. to, 391.

KLESES. (See Cardinal.)

KONIGSEGG (General), power of in a counsel of war, 404. recalled in disgrace, 405.

LADISLAUS I., coronation of, 65. visit of to the pope, 67. inglorious flight of, 69. tyranny of towards the family of Hunniades, 71. flight of from Buda, 71. his projected marriage to Magdalen, 71. death of, 72.

LADISLAUS II. elected King of Hungary, 79. assumes the government of Austria, 81.

LANDAU, the Austrians checked at, 47.

LANDSHUT, flight of Charles V. to, 126.

LEAGUE against France, 85. of Augsburg, 315.

LEIPSIC captured by Tilly, 285.

LEO X., John of Medici assumes the name of, 100.

LEOPOLD I. (of Austria) succeeds Ferdinand III., 304. convenes the diet at Presburg, 309. accused by the diet of persecution, 309. his desire for peace, 312. organizes a coalition against Louis XIV., 315. attempt of to establish despotic power in Hungary, 317. driven from Hungary, 317. flight of with his family, 319. humiliation of, 322. disgust of the people with, 324. vengeance of, 324. efforts of to obtain a decree that the crown was hereditary, 325. claims Spain, 326. declares war against France, 331. deserted by the Duke of Bavaria, 334. death of, 334. canonization of, 335. his various marriages, 336.

LEOPOLD II. ascends the Austrian throne, 500. despotism of in Hungary meets with a remonstrance, 501. interposes against France, 502. letter of to the King of England, 502. death of, 502.

LEOPOLD I. (of Germany), character and death of, 45.

LEOPOLD I. (of Switzerland), character of, 52. death of, 57.

LEOPOLD II., succession of, 57. assumes the guardianship of Albert V., 59. death of, 59.

LEOPOLD (Archduke) invasion of Upper Austria by, 220. defeat of by Matthias, 221.

LEWIS II., excommunication of, 50.

LIBERTY, the spirit of acting in France, 501.

LITHUANIA, duchy of, 53. annexation of to Poland, 54.

LOREDO, arrival of Charles V. at, 141.

LORRAINE (Chevalier De), duel between the and the young Turk, 312.

LORRAINE, duchy of demanded by France, 397.

LORRAINE (Francis Stephen, Duke of) compelled to flee from Hungary, 319. his engagement with Maria Theresa, 395. deprived of his kingdom, 397. his marriage, 398. appointed commander of the army, 404. reply of the to the demand of Frederic, 418.

LOUIS XII., succession of to the throne of France, 89. inaugurated Duke of Milan, 90. diplomacy of, 91.

LOUIS XIII. espouses the cause of Ferdinand I., 256.

LOUIS XIV., attempt of to thwart Leopold, 304. marriage of, 314. resolve of to annex a part of Spain, 314. responsible for devastation of the Palatinate, 316. rapacious character of, 317. claims Spain, 326. preparations of to invade Spain, 329. desire of to retire from the conflict, 341. melancholy situation of, 357.

LOUIS XV. begins to take part in the government, 378.

LOUIS XVI., plans of, 502.

LOUIS (of Bavaria) elected emperor, 42. excommunication of, 47. death of, 47.

LOUIS (of Hungary), death of, 146.

LOUIS (son of Philip V.), death of, 371.

LUBEC, peace of, 269.

LUDOVICO, escape of the Duke of, 90.

LUDOVICO (Duke of Milan), recovery of Italy by the Duke of, 90. mutiny of the troops of, 91. death of, 92.

LUTHER summoned to repair to Rome, 102. bull of the pope against, 108. works of burned, 109. support of at the diet of Worms, 110. summoned to appear before the diet, 110. triumphal march of, 111. memorable reply of, 111. triumph of, 112. attempts of Charles V. to bribe, 113. his Patmos, 113. his German Bible, 113. the party of encouraged by Adrian the pope, 114. marriage of, 114. the Confession of Augsburg too mild for, 119. visit of Charles V. to grave of, 128.

LUTHERANS, reply of to Henry IV., 191. (see also Luther.)

LUTZEN, meeting of the armies at, 291. battle of, 292.

MADRID, evacuation of, by the Austrians, 345.

MAGDEBURG, the city of, espouses Gustavus, 282. sacking of, by the imperial troops, 283.

MAHOMET II., siege of Belgrade by, 69.

MAHOMET IV., his foreign war, 307.

MARLBOROUGH (Duke of), the guardian of Anne, 332.

MALPLAQUET, battle at, 341.

MANTUA, aid furnished Leopold by, 311. battle at, 387.

MARCHIONESS OF POMPADOUR, arrogance of, 464.

MARIA ANTOINETTE, history of, 487. letter of Maria Theresa to, 488.

MARIA THERESA (of Spain), marriage of to Louis XIV., 314.

MARIA THERESA (of Austria), character of, 395. her attachment for the Duke of Lorraine, 395. marriage of, 398. ascends the Austrian throne, 415. solicitations of to foreign powers, 417. her apparent doom, 421. consents to part with Glogau, 424. a son born to her, 426. desire of that her husband should obtain the imperial crown, 427. her coronation at Presburg, 429. address of to the diet, 431. reinforcements of, 436. ambitious dreams of, 439. forbids the conference for the relief of Prague, 440. attempt of to evade her promise to Sardinia, 446. arrogance of excites indignation of the other powers, 449. rouses the Hungarians, 450. recovers Bohemia, 450. interview of the English ambassador with, 454. signs the treaty of Dresden, 458. indignation of at peace being signed by England, 460. chagrin of, 461. her energetic discipline, 462. secures the friendship of the Marchioness of Pompadour, 465 reproaches towards England, 466. her diplomatic fib, 468. victories of, 475. loses Russia and Sweden, 480. recovers the cooeperation of Russia, 481. children of, 486. letter of to Maria Antoinette, 488. letter to Frederic desiring peace, 489. charge to her son, 490. death of, 491. fate of her children, 491.

MARY ANNE (of Spain) affianced to the dauphin of France, 372. insulting rejection of, 373.

MARGARET (of Bohemia), engagement of, 46. marriage and flight of, 49. divorce of, 49.

MARGARET, celebration of the nuptials of, 314.

MARK OF BRANDENBURG, taken possession of by Gustavus Adolphus, 281.

MARTINETS thrown from the palace by the mob, 328.

MASSACRE, the, of St. Bartholomew, 171.

MATHEW HENRY (Count of Thurn), leader of the Protestants, 234. convention called by, 236.

MATTHIAS (of Hungary), invasion of Austria by, 75. death of, 79.

MATTHIAS, character of, 201. chosen leader of the revolters in the Netherlands, 202. increasing popularity of, 203. announces his determination to depose Rhodolph III., 204. his demand that Rhodolph should abdicate, 205. distrust of by the Protestants, 205. arrest of the Lord of Inzendorf by, 206. reluctance of to sign the conditions, 207. elected king, 207. haughtiness of towards the Austrians, 208. political reconciliation between Rhodolph III. and, 219. march of against Leopold, 221. limitations affixed to the offer of the crown to, 222. coronation of, 224. marriage of, 225. suspicions of the Catholics against, 229. elected Emperor of Germany, 229. thwarted in his attempts to levy an army, 230. concludes a truce with Turkey, 231. his revival of the ban against the Protestants, 231. efforts of to secure the crown of Germany for Ferdinand, 232. opposed by the Protestants, 233. defiant reply of to the congress at Prague, 236. disposition of to favor toleration, 239. death of, 344.

MAURICE (of Saxony), Protestant principles of, 131. treaty of with the King of France, 132 capture of the Tyrol by, 133. demands of from Charles V., 135 death of, 137.

MAXIMILIAN I., ambition of, 84. efforts of to rouse the Italians, 88. efforts to secure the Swiss estates, 89. defeat of at the diet of Worms, 87. roused to new efforts, 92. superstitious fraud of, 93. drawn into a war with Bavaria, 94. league formed by against the Venetians, 95. abandoned by his allies, 97. perseverance of rewarded, 98. confident of success against Italy, 99. letter of to his daughter, 99. success beginning to attend, 100. plans of to secure the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia, 101. contempt of for the pope, 103. peculiarities of exhibited, 103. death of, 104. accomplishments of, 105.

MAXIMILIAN II. allowed to assume the title of emperor elect, 161. character of, 169. his letter to the Elector Palatine, 170. profession of the Catholic faith, 170. address of to Henry of Valois, 172. liberal toleration maintained by, 172. answer of to the complaints of the diet, 173. offer of to pay tribute to the Turks, 174. elected King of Poland, 180. death of, 181. character and acquirements of, 182. tribute of honor by the ambassadors to, 183. wife of, 183. fate of his children, 184.

MAXIMILIAN (brother of Matthias), the candidate of the Protestants, 229.

MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH, ascends the throne of Bavaria, 451.

MEINHARD, legitimate rights of, 50. death of, 50.

MELANCTHON, character of, 119.

MENTZ, taunts of the Elector of, 38.

METTERNICH, his theory of social order, 506.

METZ, siege of, 137.

MILAN, captured by Louis XII., 90. Louis XII. created Duke of, 90.

MINISTER (see the countries for which the minister acted).

MOHATZ, battle of, 146.

MOLNITZ, the court of Frederic established at, 421.

MONTECUCULI (Prince), commander of the troops of Leopold, 311.

MONTSERRAT, shrine of the holy Virgin at, 355.

MORAVIA, to be held five years by Rhodolph, 81. the province of, 208. triumphal march of Count Thurn into, 247.

MOSES TZEKELI crowned Prince of Transylvania, 196.

MULHEIM, the fortifications of demolished, 232.

MUNICH captured by Frederic, 449.

MURCHFIELD, meeting of the armies on the field of, 29.

NAPLES, subjugation of, 84.

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, similarity of the plans of Henry IV. and, 216. remark of verified, 262. remark of concerning Russia, 399.

NETHERLANDS, revolt in the, 201. Marlborough in possession of the, 339.

NEUPERG (General), imprudence and insult of, 408. arrested by Charles, 413.

NEUSTADT, the emperor's remains to be deposited at, 104.

NICHOLAS (Count of Zrini), heroic defense of Zigeth by, 175.

NISSA, capture of, 402.

NOBLES, the, of Bohemia banished, 271.

NOVARRA, defense of the citadel of, 90.

NUREMBURG, congress at, 227. request of, that Rhodolph should abdicate, 228. battle of, 290. famine in the city of, 290.

OFFICERS, ignorance of the Austrian, 389.

ORLEANS (Duke of), matrimonial arrangements of the, 369. death of the, 378.

ORSOVA captured by the Turks, 405. surrendered to the Turks, 408.

OTHO marries Hedwige, of Hapsburg, 25. harmonious rule of, 46.

OTTOCAR (of Bohemia), candidate for crown of Germany, 23. opposition of Rhodolph, 24. command of the diet to, 24. message of, to Rhodolph, 24. power of, 25. his contempt for Rhodolph, 25. his excommunication by the pope, 26. his performance of feudal homage, 27. violates his oath, 28. the body of found after battle, 30.

OXENSTIERN (Chancellor), appointed commander of the Swedish army, 297.

PALATINATE, territory of the, 250.

PAPPENHEIM (General), death of, 293.

PASSAU, diet at, 187.

PATMOS, Luther's, 113.

PAUL III. (of Russia), alliance of with Prussia, 480. assassination of, 480.

PAUL IV. (Pope), death of, 162.

Peace of Passarovitz, 364

PEOPLE, contempt for the, 95.

PEST taken by the Turks, 147.

PETER THE GREAT, ambition of, 399. death of, 399.

PETERWARDEIN, strength of, 406.

PHILIP (of Burgundy), obtains the dukedom of Burgundy, 84.

PHILIP III. institutes the order of the Golden Fleece, 372.

PHILIP IV. (of Spain) obtains renunciation of succession in favor of Margaret, 314. resolve of, to maintain his throne, 341. supported by his subjects, 342. flight of, from Catalona, 343.

PHILIP V. despondency of, 369. abdication of, 370. resumes his crown, 371.

PILGRAM, diet at, 66.

PIUS IV. elected pope, 162.

PODIEBRAD (George), assumes regal authority, 66. intrusted with the regency of Bohemia, 68. elected King of Bohemia, 73.

POLAND, conditions affixed to the throne of, 180. Stephen Barthori chosen king of, by the minority, 181. attempts of France to place Stanislaus on the throne of, 383. Count Poniatowski secures the crown of, 484. to be carved out, 485. annihilation of, 486.

POMERANIA, seizure of, by Ferdinand, 269.

POMPADOUR (Marchioness of), arrogance of the, 464.

PONIATOWSZI (Count), elected King of Poland, 484.

POPE, the, letter of Rhodolph to, 24. character of Pope Gregory N., 24. indignation of the, 38. capitulation of the, 84. (Alexander VI.) bribery of, 89. (Julius II.) the, bought over, 92. bull of the, deposing the King of Naples, 93. demands of the, as booty, 95. infamy of, 95. infamous acquisitions of, 98. proclamation against the, by Maximilian, 98. death of, 100. John of Medici elected as, 100. (Leo X.), command of the, to Luther to repair to Rome, 102. Maximilian's contempt for the, 103. bull of the, against Luther, 108. bull of the, burned by Luther, 109. death of Leo X., the, 113. (Adrian), accession of, as, 113. (Clement VII.) succeeds Adrian, 116. offer of pardon by the, for those who assist in enforcing the Council of Trent, 125. disgust of the, against Charles V., 129. (Julius III.) elected as, 130. indignation of the, at the toleration of the diet at Passau, 138. the, allows Maximilian to assume the title of emperor elect, 161. intolerant pride of, 161. (Pius IV.) elected as, 162. dependence on the, dispensed with, 163. refusal of the, to reform abuses, 165. attempts of the, to influence Maximilian II., 174. aid extended to Leopold by the, 311. embassage from Charles II. to the, 329. alarm of the, at the innovations of Joseph II., 494.

PRAGMATIC SANCTION, the, 364. the, supported by various powers, 461.

PRAGUE, Ferdinand crushes the revolt in. 156. diet at, 158. seizure of, by Leopold, 221. archbishop of, expelled from the city, 239. indignation of the inhabitants of, against Frederic, 262. surrender of, to Ferdinand, 262. surrender of, to the Austrians, 443. suffering in, on account of the siege, 472.

PRAUNSTEIN (Lord of), reasons for the, declaring war, 80.

PRECOCITY, not a modern innovation, 108.

PRESBURG, diet at, 309.

PRESS, success of the, in diffusing intelligence, 102.

PRINTING, the influence of, beginning to be felt, 83.

PRIVILEGES confined to the nobles, 187.

PROTEST of the minority at the diet of Spires, 116.

PROTESTANTISM, spread of, in Europe, 163. its working for liberty, 264.

PROTESTANTS, assembly of, at Smalkalde, 121. refusal of the, to assist Charles V, 122. contributions of the, to expel the Turks, 122. increase of the, 123. the, reject the council of Trent, 124. ruin of the army of the, by Charles V., 126. party of the, predominant in Germany, 183. shameful quarreling among the, 190. union of, at Aschhausen, 194. opposition of the, to Matthias, 206. their demands on Matthias, 207. reasonable demands of, 211. forces of the, vanquished at Pritznitz, 259. secret combinations of the, for the rising of the, 267. concessions to, revoked by Ferdinand, 276. the, prefer the Duke of Bavaria to any of the family of Ferdinand, 279. loss of the, in the death of Gustavus, 296. pleasure of the, at the entry of Frederic into Silesia, 419.

PRUSSIA, inhabited by a pagan race, 20. alliance of, with Austria, 459. alliance of, with England, 466. a subsidy voted to, by England, 475. formidable preparations against, 470.

PRUSSIANS, the, driven from Bohemia, 450.

RAAB taken by the Turks, 147.

RAGOTSKY (Francis), leader of the rebellion, 333. assembles a diet, 349. chosen dux, or leader, 350. outlawed, and escape of, 351.

RATISBON, diet at, in 1629, 275. refusal of, to accept Ferdinand's word, 276.

REFORMATION, commencement of the, 103.

RELIGION, remarkable solicitude for the reputation of, 98.

REWARD offered for the head of Rhodolph, 30.

RHODOLPH (of Hapsburg), at the time of his father's death, 18. presentation of, by the emperor for baptism, 19, his incursions, 19. marriage, 19. excommunication of, 20. engaged in Prussian crusade, 20. a monument reared to, by the city of Strasburg, 21. principles of honor, 21. chosen chief of Uri, Schweitz, and Underwalden, 21. chosen mayor of Zurich, 21. elected Emperor of Germany, 23. power of, as emperor, 25. family of, 25. gathering clouds around, 28. address of the citizens of Vienna to, 28. death of, 35.

RHODOLPH II., character and court of, 48. ostentatious titles of, 51. death of, 51.

RHODOLPH III, crowned King of Hungary, 178. obtains the imperial throne, 180. bigotry of, 187. his infringement of the rights of the burghers, 188. his blows against Protestantism, 189. intolerance of in Bohemia, 193. superstition of, 200. his favor to Ferdinand; 204. demands of the Protestants on, 205. his encouragement of filibustering expeditions, 208. remarkable pliancy of, 210. his terror at the chance of assassination, 212. political reconciliation between Matthias and, 219. his plot with Leopold, 220. Rhodolph taken prisoner, 221. his abdication, 222. required to absolve his subjects from their oath of allegiance, 223. retains the crown of Germany, 225. supplication of to the congress at Rothemberg, 226. a congress at Nuremberg summoned by, 227. death of, 228.

RHODOLPH (of Bohemia), death of, 39.

RHINE, separating Basle from Rhodolph, 23.

RICHELIEU, motives influencing, 267. ambassadors of urge the Duke of Bavaria as candidate for the imperial crown, 279.

RIPPERDA (Baron), the secret agent of the Queen of Spain at Vienna, 373. rise and fall of, 375. escape of to England, 376.

ROBINSON (Sir Thomas), interview of with Maria Theresa, 454.

ROTHENBURG, congress at, 226.

RUSSIA, growing power of, 399. succession of the crown of, 399. instrumental in placing Augustus II on the throne, 400.

SARAGOSSA, battle of, 343.

SAXONY, defeat of the Elector of, 128. nobility of, 128. degradation of, 129. power of, 132. the electorate of, passes to Augustus, 137.

SCHARTLIN (General), the Protestants march under, 125.

SCHWEITZ, Rhodolph of Hapsburg chosen chief of, 21.

SCLAVONIA, marriage of the Duke of to the daughter of Rhodolph, 25.

SECKENDORF, (General), the Austrian army intrusted to, 400. his plans of campaign broken up by Charles, 402. capture of Nissa by, 402. condemned to the dungeon, 402.

SECRET ARTICLES of the treaty with Austria, 376.

SEGEBERG, league at, 267.

SCHMETTAU (General), the retreat of Wallis arrested by, 407. compelled to yield Belgrade, 409.

SELIM succeeds Solyman, 177.

SEMENDRIA, defense of, 64. its capture, 65.

SEMPACH, battle of, 55.

SERFS emancipated by Joseph II., 494. his plan for seizing Bavaria frustrated, 495.

SEVEN YEARS' WAR, termination of the, 481.

SICILY, subjugated and attached to the Neapolitan crown, 388.

SIGISMOND (Francis, Duke of Tyrol), his alliance with Rhodolph, 195. representation in the diet introduced by, 308. death of, 314.

SIGISMOND (of Bohemia), power of, 60. address of to the diet at Znaim, 61. death of, 62.

SILESIA sold to Rhodolph, 195. taken possession of by Frederic, 418.

SISECK, Turks routed at, 195.

SLAVATA thrown from the palace by the mob, 238.

SMALKALDE, assembly of the Protestants at, 121.

SOLYMAN (the Magnificent), victories of, 146. reply of to the demand made by Ferdinand, 147. his method of overcoming difficulties, 149. his attack upon Guntz, 150. his price of peace with Hungary, 153. death of from rage, 176.

SPAIN decreed by the will of Charles II. to succeed to France, 331. espouses the cause of Ferdinand II., 256. assistance furnished Leopold by, 311. invasion of by the British and Charles III., 354. treaty between Austria and, 373. the Austrians forbidden to trade in, 380. invasion of Italy by, 388.

SPANIARDS, the, routed at Catalonia, 343.

ST. BARTHOLOMEW, massacre of, 171.

ST. GOTHARD, troops stationed at, 311. battle of, 312.

ST. ILDEFONSO, the palace of, 370.

ST. JUSTUS, convent of, 140.

ST. PETERSBURG, rearing of the city of, 399.

STANHOPE (General), bearing of, 342. desperate position of, 347.

STANISLAUS LECZINSKI, career of, 382. daughter of married to Louis XV., 382. receives a pension from France, 383. elected King of Poland, 383. his marvelous journey through Germany, 384.

THE END