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Dead kings of Uganda consulted as oracles, 151
Death, the problem of, 31 sqq.; the savage conception of, 31 sqq.; thought to be an effect of sorcery, 33 sqq.; by natural causes, recognised by some savages, 55 sq.; myths of the origin of, 59 sqq.; personified in tales, 79 sqq.; not regarded as a natural necessity, 84 sqq.; the second, of the dead, 195, 286, 299, 345, 350, 351, 354; attributed to sorcery, 249; violent, ascribed to sorcery, 268 sq.; myth of the continuance of, 472
Death and resurrection at initiation, ceremony of, 431, 434 sq.; pretence of, at initiation, 254 sq., 261, 302
Death-dances, 293 sq.; of the Torres Straits Islanders, 179 sqq.
Deaths from natural causes, disbelief of savages in, 33 sqq.; attributed to sorcery, 136, 203; set down to sorcery or ghosts, 203, 268, 270
Deceiving the ghost, 237, 273, 280 sqq., 328
Deceiving the spirits, 298
Deification of the dead, 24, 25; of parents, 439
Deity consumes soul of offering, 297
Demon carries off soul of sick, 194
Demons as causes of disease and death, 36 sq.
Demonstrations, extravagant, of grief at a death, dictated by fear of the ghost, 271 sqq.
Dene or Tinneh Indians, their ideas as to death, 39 sq.
Departure of ghost thought to coincide with disappearance of flesh from bones, 165 sq.
Descent of the living into the nether world, 300, 355
Descriptive and comparative anthropology, their relation, 230 sq.
Descriptive method in anthropology, 30
Desertion of house after a death, 195, 196 n. 1, 210, 248, 275, 349, 400; of village after a death, 275
Deserts as impediments to progress, 89, 90
Design emblematic of totem, 168
Destruction of house after a death, 210
—— of life and property entailed by the belief in immortality, 468 sq.
—— of property of the dead, 174, 459; motive for, 147 sq., 327
Development arrested or retarded in savagery, 88 sqq.
Dieri, the, 138; their burial customs, 144
Differentiation of function in prayer, 332 sq.
Disbelief of savages in death from natural causes, 34 sqq.
Disease supposed to be caused by sorcery, 35 sqq.; demons regarded as causes of, 36 sq.; recognised by some savages as due to natural causes, 55 sq.; special modes of disposing of bodies of persons who die of, 162, 163. See also Sickness
Diseases ascribed to ghosts, 257
Disinterment of the bones of the dead, 225, 294
Dissection of corpse to discover cause of death, 53 sq.
Divination to discover cause of death, 35, 36, 37 sq., 38, 39 sq., 44, 45 sq., 50 sqq., 53 sq., 136; by liver, 54; by dreams, 136, 383; by the skulls of the dead, 179; to discover sorcerer who caused death, 240 sq., 249 sq., 257, 402; by bow, 241; by hair to discover cause of death, 319; by means of ghosts, 389 sq.; to discover ghost who has caused sickness, 382
Divinity of kings, 16; of Fijian kings, 407 sq.; Fijian notion of, 440 sq.
Dog, in myth of the origin of death, 66; the Heavenly, 460
Dogs sacrificed to the dead, 232, 234; sacrificed in epidemics, 296
Doreh Bay in Dutch New Guinea, 303, 306
Dragon supposed to swallow lads at initiation, 301. See also Monster
Drama of death and resurrection at initiation, 431, 434 sq.
——, evolution of, 189
Dramatic ceremonies in Central Australia, magical intention of, 122 sq., 126
—— concerned with totems, 119 sqq.
—— to commemorate the doings of ancestors, 118 sqq.
Dramatic representation of ghosts and spirits by masked men, 176, 179 sq., 180 sqq., 185 sqq.
Drawings on ground in religious or magical ceremony, 112 sq.
—— on rocks, 318
Dread of witchcraft, 413 sq.
Dreamer, professional, 383
Dreams as a source of the belief in immortality and of the worship of the dead, 27 sq., 214; divination by, 136; appearance of the dead to the living in, 139, 195, 213, 229; savage faith in the truth of, 139 sq.; consultation of the dead in, 179; danger of, 194; the dead communicate with the living in, 248
Driving away the ghost, 178, 197, 248, 305, 306, 323, 356 sqq., 396, 399, 415
Drowning of ghosts, 224
Duke of York Island, 393, 397, 403, 404
Dying, threats of the, 273
Ears of corpse stopped with hot coals, 152; of mourners cut, 183, 272, 327
Earth-burial and tree-burial, 161, 166 sq.
Earthquakes ascribed to ghosts, 286, 288; caused by deities, 296
Eating totemic animals or plants, 120 sq.
Economic loss entailed by sacrifices to the dead, 149; entailed by the belief in immortality, 468 sq.
Eel, ghost in, 379
Eels offered to the dead, 429
Egypt, custom at embalming a corpse in ancient, 178
Elysium, the Fijian, 466 sq.
Embryology of religion, 88
Emu totem, dramatic ceremonies concerned with, 122, 123
Encounter Bay tribe of South Australia, 42
Epilepsy ascribed to anger of ghosts, 257, 283
—— and inspiration, 15
Erdweg, Father Josef, 218, 219, 227
Erskine, Capt. J. E., 409
Ertnatulunga, sacred store-house, 99
Erythrophloeum guiniense, in poison ordeal, 50
Esquimaux, burial custom of the, 454, 456
Essence, immaterial, of sacrifice absorbed by ghosts and spirits, 285, 287, 374
Euhemerism, 24 sq.
Euhemerus, 24
European teaching, influence of, on native beliefs, 142 sq.
Evil spirits regarded as causes of death, 36 sq.
Excitement as mark of inspiration, 14
Exogamy with female descent, 416, 418
Exorcism as cure for sickness, 222 sq.
Experience defined, 12; two sorts of, 13 sq.
—— and intuition, 11
External world, question of the reality of, 13 sq.; an illusion, 21
Eye, soul resides in the, 267
Eyes of corpse bandaged, 459
Faints ascribed to action of ghosts, 257, 283
Faith, weakening of religious, 4
Falling stars the souls of the dead, 229, 399
Family prayers of the New Caledonians, 332 sq., 340
—— priests, 332, 340
Famine, the stone of, 334 sq.
Fasting in mourning for a king, 451 sq.
Father-in-law, mourning for a, 155
Favourable natural conditions, their influence in stimulating social progress, 141 sq., 148 sq.
Fear of ghosts, 134, 135, 147, 151 sqq., 158, 173 sqq., 195, 196 sq., 201, 203, 229 sq., 232, 237, 276, 282 sq., 305, 321, 327, 347, 396, 414 sq., 449, 455, 467; a moral restraint, 175; the source of extravagant demonstrations of grief at death, 271 sqq.; taboo based on, 390 sq.; a bulwark of morality, 392; funeral customs based on, 450 sqq.; of women dying in childbed, 458 sqq.
Fear of the dead, 152 sq., 168, 173 sqq., 195, 196 sq., 201, 203, 244, 248
—— of witchcraft, 244
—— the only principle of religious observances in Fiji, 443
Feasts provided for ghosts, 247 sq. See also Funeral Feasts
Feather-money offered to ghosts, 374, 375
Feet foremost, corpse carried out, 174
Ferry for ghosts, 224, 244 sq., 350, 412, 462
Festival of the dead, 320 sq.
Fig-trees, sacred, 199
Fighting or warrior ghosts, 370
Fiji and the Fijians, 406 sqq.
——, human sacrifices in, 446 sq.
Fijian islands, scenery of, 409 sq.
—— myths of origin of death, 66 sq., 75 sq.
Fijians, belief in immortality among the, 406 sqq.; their advanced culture, 407
Fingers amputated in mourning, 199, 451
—— of living sacrificed in honour of the dead, 426 sq.
Finsch Harbour in German New Guinea, 218, 242, 262
Fire as a means of keeping off ghosts, 131
—— -flies, ghosts as, 352
—— kindled on grave, to warm ghost, 144 sq., 196 sq., 209, 211, 223, 275, 359
—— supplied to ghost, 246 sq.; used to keep off ghosts, 258, 283; used in cross-questioning a ghost, 278
Firstborn children, skull-topped images made of dead, 312
First-fruits offered to the dead, 259; of canarium nuts offered to ghosts, 368 sq.; offered to deified spirits of dead chiefs, 369; offered to ghosts, 373 sq.; of yams offered to the ancestral spirits, 429
Fish offered by fishermen to the dead, 226; prayers for, 329; ghost in, 379
—— totem, dramatic ceremony concerned with, 119 sq., 121
Fishermen pray to ghosts, 289
——, stones to help, 337
Fison, Lorimer, 407, 412, 416, 418, 428 n. 1, 434, 435 sqq., 438 n. 1, 445, 448
Fits ascribed to contact with ghosts, 283. See also Epilepsy
Florida, one of the Solomon Islands, 346, 347, 348, 349, 367, 368, 376, 377, 379, 380
Flutes, sacred, 221, 226, 233, 252
Flying-foxes, souls of the dead in, 405
Food placed on grave, 144; offered to the dead, 183, 201, 208, 211, 214, 232, 241, 332, 338, 364 sq., 367 sq., 372 sq., 396 sq., 429, 442, 467; abstinence from certain, in mourning, 198, 208, 209, 230, 314, 360, 452; supply promoted by ghosts, 283; offered to ancestral spirits, 316; offered to the skulls of the dead, 339 sq., 352; offered to ghosts, 348 sq.; of ghosts, the living not to partake of the, 355
—— not to be touched with the hands by gravediggers, 327; not to be touched with hands by persons who have handled a corpse, 450 sq.
—— and water, abundance of, favourable to social progress, 90 sq.; offered to the dead, 174
Fool and Death, 83
Footprints, magic of, 45
Foundation-sacrifice of men, 446
Fowlers pray to ghosts, 289
Frenzy a symptom of inspiration, 443, 444 sq.
Frigate-bird, mark of the, 350; ghost associated with the, 376
Frigate-birds, ghosts in, 380
Frog in stories of the origin of death, 61, 62 sq.
Fruit-trees cut down for ghost, 246
—— of the dead cut down, 399
Funeral ceremonies intended to dismiss the ghost from the land of the living, 174 sq.
—— ceremonies of the Torres Straits Islanders, 176 sqq.
—— customs of the Tami, 293 sq.; of the Central Melanesians, 347 sqq., 355 sqq.; based on fear of ghosts, 450 sqq.
—— feasts, 348, 351, 358 sq., 360, 396; orations, 355 sq.
Forces, impersonal, the world conceived as a complex of, 21
Foreskins sacrificed in honour of the dead, 426 sq.; of circumcised lads presented to ancestral gods, 427
Gaboon, the, 54
Gajos of Sumatra, burial custom of the, 455
Gall used in divination, 54
Game offered by hunters to the dead, 226
Ganindo, a warrior ghost, 363 sq.
Gardens, ghosts of, 371
Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain, 48, 69, 398, 405
Geelvink Bay, in Dutch New Guinea, 303, 307
Genital members of human victims hung on tree, 447 n. 1
German burial custom, 453, 458
Ghost appeased by sham fight, 137; hunted into the grave, 164 sq.; thought to linger near body till flesh is decayed, 165 sq.; elaborate funeral ceremonies designed to get rid of, 174 sq.; driven away, 178, 197, 248; extracted from body of patient, 271; calls for vengeance, 278; cursed and ill-treated, 285; who causes sunshine and rain, 375
—— -posts, 375
—— -seer, 204 sq., 214, 229
—— -shooter, 387 sq.
Ghostly ferry, 350, 412. See also Ferry
Ghosts, mischievous nature of, 28; as causes of sickness, 54 sqq., 195, 197, 222, 300, 305, 322, 389; feared, 134, 135, 147, 151 sqq., 158, 173 sqq., 195, 196 sq., 201, 203, 229 sq., 232, 237, 271 sqq., 276, 282 sq., 305, 321, 327, 347, 396, 414 sq., 449, 457, 467; attentions paid to, in regard to food, fire, property, etc., 144 sqq.; feared only of recently departed, 151 sq.; of nearest relations most feared, 153; represented dramatically by masked men, 176, 179 sq., 182 sq., 185 sqq.; should have their noses bored, 192, 194 sq.; return of the, 195, 198, 246, 300; carry off the souls of the living, 197; cause bad luck in hunting and fishing, 197; identified with phosphorescent lights, 198, 258; appear to seer, 204 sq.; of slain enemies especially dreaded, 205; of the hanged specially feared, 212; certain classes of ghosts specially feared, 212; malignity of, 212, 381; drowned, 224; village of, 231 sq., 234; give information, 240; provided with fire, 246 sq.; feasts provided for, 247 sq.; thought to give good crops, 247 sq.; communicate with the living in dreams, 248; diseases ascribed to action of, 257; of the slain, special fear of, 258, 279, 306, 323; of ancestors appealed to for help, 258 sq.; precautions taken against, 258; expected to make the crops thrive, 259, 284, 288 sq.; natural death ascribed to action of, 268; sickness ascribed to action of, 269 sq., 271, 279, 372, 375, 381 sqq.; deceived, 273, 280 sqq., 328; thought to help hunters, 274, 284 sq.; in the form of animals, 282; help the living by promoting supply of food, 283; cause earthquakes, 286, 288; as patrons of hunting and other departments, 287; die the second death, 287; turn into animals, 287; turn into ant-hills, 287; of warriors invoked by warriors, 288; invoked by warriors, farmers, fowlers, fishermen, etc., 288 sqq.; of men may grow into gods, 289 sq.; of the dead in the form of serpents, 300; driven away, 305, 306, 323, 356 sqq., 396, 399, 415; cause all sorts of misfortunes, 306 sq.; call for vengeance, 310, 468; sacrifices to, 328; of power and ghosts of no account, distinction between, 345 sq.; of the recent dead most powerful, 346; prayers to, 348; of land and sea, 348; food offered to, 348 sq.; live in islands, 350, 353; live underground, 353 sq.; worshipful, 362 sq.; public and private, 367, 369 sq.; first-fruits offered to, 368 sq., 373 sq.; warlike, 370; of gardens, 371; human sacrifices to, 371 sq.; incarnate in sharks, 373; sacrifices to, at planting, 375; sanctuaries of, 377 sq.; incarnate in animals, 379 sq.; envious of the living, 381; carry off souls, 383; in stones, 383 sq.; inspiration by means of, 389 sq.; killed, 415 sq.; dazed, 416; prevented from returning to the house, 455 sq.; unmarried, hard fate of, 464
Ghosts and spirits, distinction between, in Central Melanesia, 343, 363; regulate the weather, 384 sq.
—— of women dying in childbed, special fear of, 458 sqq.; special treatment of, 358. See also Dead and Spirits
Giant, mythical, thought to appear annually with the south-east monsoon, 255
Gifford, Lord, 2, 3
Girdle made from hair of dead, 138
Gnanji, the, of Central Australia, 92
Goat in story of the origin of death, 64
God, the question of his existence, 2; defined, 9 sq.; knowledge of, how acquired, 11 sqq.; inferred as a cause, 22 sq.; and the origin of death, 61 sqq.; in form of serpent, 445, 462
Gods created by man in his own likeness, 19 sq.; of nature, 20; human, 20, 23 sqq.; unknown among aborigines of Australia, 91; often developed out of ghosts, 289 sq.; ancestors worshipped as, 340, 369; ancestral, sacrifice of foreskins to, 427; ancestral, libations to, 438; two classes of, in Fiji, 440
—— and spirits, no certain demarcation between, 441
Goldie, Rev. Hugh, 52
Good crops given by ghosts, 247 sq.
—— spirit, 143
—— and bad, different fate of the, after death, 354
Gran Chaco, in Argentina, 165
Grandfather, soul of, reborn in grandchild, 417; his ghost dazed, 416
Grandfather and grandchild, their relation under exogamy and female kinship, 416, 418
Grandidier, A., 49
Grass for graves, euphemism for human victims buried with the dead, 425 sq.
—— -seed, magical ceremony for increasing, 102
Grave, food placed on, 144, 145; property of dead deposited in, 145 sqq.; hut erected on, 203; of worshipful dead a sanctuary, 347; stones heaped on, 360; sacrifices to ghost on, 382
Gravediggers, purification of, 314; secluded, 327; secluded and painted black, 451
Graves, huts built on, for use of ghosts, 150 sq.; under the houses, 274. See also Huts
Great Woman, the, 464
Greek tragedy, W. Ridgeway on the origin of, 189
Greeks, purificatory rites of ancient, 206
Greenlanders, burial custom of the, 454
Grey, Sir George, 41; taken for an Australian aboriginal, 131 sqq.
Grief, extravagant demonstrations of grief in mourning, their motives, 135 sq.
—— at a death, extravagant demonstrations of, dictated by fear of the ghost, 271 sqq.
Grihya-Sutras, 163
Ground drawings in magical or religious ceremony, 112 sq.
Groves, sacred, the dead buried in, 326
Guadalcanar, one of the Solomon Islands, 350, 372
Guardian spirits, 227
Guiana, Indians of, their ideas as to the cause of death, 35 sqq.; their offerings to the dead, 165
Gullet of pig sacrificed, 368
Gulu, king of heaven, 78
Gypsies, European, burial custom of, 455
Haddon, Dr. A. C., 171, 172 sq., 175, 176, 180
Hagen, Dr. B., 230, 231
Haida, burial custom of the, 455
Hair burnt as charm, 43; cut in mourning, 135, 320, 451; of widow unshorn, 184; of dead child worn by mother, 315; of gravediggers not cut, 327; used as amulet, 332
—— of the dead, magical virtue attributed to, 137 sq.; worn by relatives, 249; divination by means of, 319
—— of mourners offered to the dead, 183; cut off, 183, 204
Hakea flower totem, dramatic ceremony concerned with, 119, 121
Hands, gravediggers and persons who have handled a corpse not to touch food with their, 327, 450 sq.
Hanged, ghosts of the, specially feared, 212
Hare in myth of the origin of death, 65
Harumae, a warrior ghost, 365 sq.
Hasselt, J. L. van, 305
Hauri, a worshipful ghost, 372
Head-dress of gravediggers, 327
Head-hunters, 352
Head of corpse cut off in order to disable the ghost, 153; removed and preserved, 178. See also Skulls
Heads of mourners shaved, 208
——, human, cut off in honour of the dead, 352
Heaps of stones on grave, 360
Heart supposed to be the seat of human spirit, 129
—— of pig sacrificed, 368
Heavenly Dog, 460
Hebrew prophets, 14
Hen in myth of the origin of death, 79
Highlands of Scotland, burial custom in the, 453, 458
Hindoos, burial custom of the, 453, 458
Historical method of treating natural theology, 2 sq.
History of religion, its importance, 3
Hiyoyoa, the land of the dead, 207
Hole in the wall, dead carried out through a, 452 sqq.
Holy of Holies, 430, 431, 433, 437, 438
Homer on blood-drinking ghosts, 159
Homicides, precautions taken by, against the ghosts of their victims, 205 sq.; purification of, 206; honours bestowed on, in Fiji, 447 sq. See also Manslayers
Homoeopathic magic, 288, 376
—— or imitative magic, 335, 336, 338
Honorary titles of homicides in Fiji, 447 sq.
Hood Peninsula of British New Guinea, 47, 202, 203
Hos of Togoland, their myth of the origin of death, 81 sqq.
Hose, Ch., and McDougall, W., quoted, 265 n., 417
Hottentots, their myth of the origin of death, 65; burial custom of the, 454
House deserted after a death, 195, 196 n. 1, 248, 275, 349, 400; deserted or destroyed after a death, 210; dead buried in the, 236, 347, 352, 397, 398, 399; dead carried out of, by special opening, 452 sqq.
Houses, native, at Kalo, 202; communal, 304
Howitt, Dr. A. W., 44 sq., 139, 141
Human gods, 20, 23 sqq.
—— nature, two different views of, 469 sqq.
—— sacrifices to ghosts, 371 sq.; in Fiji, 446 sq.
Hume's analysis of cause, 18 sq.
Hunt, Mr., his experience in Fiji, 423 sq.
Hunters supposed to be helped by ghosts, 274, 284 sq.
Huon Gulf, in German New Guinea, 242, 256
Hut built to represent mythical monster at initiation, 251, 290, 301 sq.
Huts erected on graves for use of ghosts, 150 sq.; erected on graves, 203, 223, 248, 259, 275, 293, 294
Hypocritical lamentations at a death, 273
—— indignation of accomplice at a murder, 280 sqq.
Idu, mountain of the dead, 193, 194 sq.
Iguana in myth of origin of death, 70
Ilene, a worshipful ghost, 373
Ill-treatment of ghost who gives no help, 285
Illusion of the external world, 21
Images of the dead, wooden (korwar or karwar), 307 sqq., 311, 315, 316 sq., 321, 322; of sharks, 373; in temples, 442
Imitation of totems by disguised actors, 119 sqq.; of totemic animals, 177
Imitative magic, 335, 336, 338, 376
Immortality, belief in, among the aborigines of Central Australia, 87 sqq.; among the islanders of Torres Straits, 170 sqq.; among the natives of British New Guinea, 190 sqq.; among the natives of German New Guinea, 216 sqq.; among the natives of Dutch New Guinea, 303 sqq.; among the natives of Southern Melanesia, 324 sqq.; among the natives of Central Melanesia, 343 sqq.; among the natives of Northern Melanesia, 393 sqq.; among the Fijians, 406 sqq.; strongly held by savages, 468
Immortality, limited sense of, 25; origin of belief in, 25 sqq.; belief in human, almost universal among races of mankind, 33; rivalry between men and animals for gift of, 74 sq.; question of the truth of the belief in, 469 sqq.; destruction of life and property entailed by the belief in, 468 sq.
—— in a bundle, 77 sq.
Impecunious ghosts, hard fate of, 406
Impurity, ceremonial, of manslayer, 229 sq.
Im Thurn, Sir Everard F., 38 sq.
Incantations or spells, 385
Inconsistencies and contradictions in reasoning not peculiar to savages, 111 sq.
Inconsistency of savage thought, 143
Indians of Guiana, their ideas about death, 35 sqq.; their beliefs as to the dead, 165
—— of North-West America, burial custom of the, 455, 460
Indifference to death, 419; a consequence of belief in immortality, 422 sq.
Indo-European burial custom, 453
Infanticide as cause of diminished population, 40
Influence of European teaching on native beliefs, 142 sq.
Initiation at puberty regarded as a process of death and resurrection, 254, 261
—— of young men, 233; in Central Australia, 100; among the Yabim, 250 sqq.; among the Bukaua, 260 sq.; among the Kai, 290 sq.; in Fiji, 429 sqq.
Insanity, influence of, in history, 15 sq.
—— and inspiration not clearly distinguished, 388
Insect in divination as to cause of death, 44, 46
Inspiration, theory of, 14 sq.; of medium by ancestral spirits, 308 sqq.; by spirits of the dead, 322; by ghosts in Central Melanesia, 388 sq.; attested by frenzy, 443, 444 sq.
—— and insanity not clearly distinguished, 388
Insufflations, magical, to heal the sick, 329
Intichiuma, magical ceremonies for the multiplication of totems, 122 sq.
Intuition and experience, 11
Invocation of ghosts, 288 sq.; of the dead, 329 sq., 332 sqq., 377, 378, 401, 441
Island, dead buried in, 319
—— of the dead, fabulous, 175
Islands, ghosts live in, 350, 353
Isle of Pines, 325, 330, 337
Israelites forbidden to cut themselves for the dead, 154
Ivory Coast, 52
Jackson, John, quoted, 419 sqq., 447
Jappen or Jobi, island, 303
Jawbone of husband worn by widow, 204; lower, of corpse preserved, 234 sq., 236, 274; of dead king of Uganda preserved and consulted oracularly, 235
Jawbones of the dead preserved, 351 sq.; of dead worn by relatives, 404
Journey of ghosts to the land of the dead, 286 sq., 361 sq., 462 sqq.
Juices of putrefaction received by mourners on their bodies, 167, 205, 403
—— of putrefying corpse drunk by widow, 313; drunk by women, 355
Kachins of Burma, burial custom of the, 459
Kafirs, their beliefs as to the causes of death, 56
Kagoro, the, of Northern Nigeria, 28 n. 1, 49
Kai, the, of German New Guinea, 71, 262 sqq.; theory of the soul, 267
Kaikuzi, brother of Death, 80
Kaitish, the, 68, 158, 166
Kalo, in British New Guinea, 202 sq.
Kalou, Fijian word for "god," 440
Kalou vu, "root gods," 440
Kalou yalo, "soul gods," 440
Kami, the souls of the dead, 297 sq.
Kamilaroi tribe of New South Wales, 46, 155
Kanaima (kenaima), 36, 38
Kani, name applied to ghosts, to bull-roarers, and to the monster who is thought to swallow lads at circumcision, 301
Kaniet islands, 401
Kava offered to ancestral spirits, 440
Kavirondo, burial custom of the, 458
Kaya-Kaya or Tugeri, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 255
Kayans, the, of Borneo, 417; burial custom of, 456 sq., 459
Kemp Welch River, 202
Keramo, a fighting ghost, 370
Keysser, Ch., 262, 263 sq., 267, 269 n. 3
Kibu, the land of the dead, 175
Kibuka, war-god of Uganda, 366
Kidd, Dudley, 55
Kidney-fat, extraction of, 43
Killer of Souls, the, 465 sq.
Killing a ghost, 415 sq.
King, mourning for a, 451 sq.
King's corpse not carried out through the door, 452, 461
Kings, divinity of, 16; sanctity of Fijian, 407 sq.
Kintu and the origin of death, 78 sqq.
Kiwai, beliefs and customs concerning the dead in island of, 211 sqq.
Koita or Koitapu, of British New Guinea, 193
Kolosh Indians, 163
Komars, the, 163
Koroi, honorary title of homicides in Fiji, 447 sq.
Korwar, or karwar, wooden images of the dead, 307 sqq., 315, 316 sq., 321, 322
Koryak, burial custom of the, 455
Kosi and the origin of death, 76 sq.
Knowledge, natural, how acquired, 11
—— of God, how acquired, 11 sqq.; of ghosts essential to medical practitioners in Melanesia, 384
Kulin, the, 138
Kurnai tribe of Victoria, 44, 138
Kweariburra tribe, 153
Kwod, sacred or ceremonial ground, 179
Lambert, Father, 325, 327, 328, 332, 339
Lamboam, the land of the dead, 260, 292, 299
Lamentations, hypocritical, at a death, 271 sqq., 280 sqq.
Land burial and sea burial, 347 sq.
—— cleared for cultivation, 238, 242 sq., 256, 262 sq., 304
—— ghosts and sea ghosts, 348
—— of the dead, 175 sq., 192, 193, 194 sq., 202, 203, 207, 209 sq., 211 sqq., 224, 228 sq., 244, 260, 286 sq., 292, 299, 305 sq., 307, 322, 326, 345, 350 sq., 353 sq., 404 sqq., 462 sqq.; journeys of the living to the, 207, 355; way to the, 212 sq., 462 sqq.
Landtman, Dr. G., 214
Lang, Andrew, 216 sq.
Laos, burial custom in, 459
Leaf as badge of a ghost, 391
Leaves thrown on scene of murder, 415
Leg bones of the dead preserved, 221, 249
Legs of corpse broken in order to disable the ghost, 153
Lehner, Stefan, 256
Lepchis of Sikhim, burial custom of the, 455
Le Souef, A. A. C., 40 sq.
Libations to ancestral gods, 430, 438
Licence, period of, following circumcision, 427 sq.; following initiation, 433, 434 n. 1, 436 sq.
Licentious orgy following circumcision, 427 sq.
Life in the other world like life in this, 286 sq.
Lightning, savage theory of, 19
Lights, phosphorescent, thought to be ghosts, 198, 258
Lime, powdered, used to dust the trail of a ghost, 277 sq.
Lio'a, a powerful ghost, 346
Liver extracted by magic, 50; divination by, 54
Livers of pigs offered to the dead, 360 sq.
Lizard in divination as to cause of death, 44; in myths of the origin of death, 60 sq., 70, 74 sq.
Lizards, ghosts in, 380
Local totem centres, 97, 99, 124
Long soul and short soul, 291 sq.
Lost souls, recovery of, 270 sq., 300 sq.
Luck, bad, in fishing and hunting, caused by ghosts, 197
Luck of a village dependent on ghosts, 198
Lum, men's clubhouse, 243, 250, 257
Mabuiag, island of, 174
Macassars, burial custom of the, 461
Macluer Gulf in Dutch New Guinea, 317, 318
Mad, stones to drive people, 335
Madagascar, ideas as to natural death in, 48 sq.
Mafulu (Mambule), the, of British New Guinea, 198 sqq.
Maggots, appearance of, sign of departure of soul, 292
Magic as a cause of death, 34 sqq.; Age of, 58; attributed to aboriginal inhabitants of a country, 193; homoeopathic or imitative, 288, 335, 336, 338, 376; combined with religion, 111 sq., 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 376; Melanesian conception of, 380 sq.; working by means of personal refuse, 413 sq. See also Sorcery and Witchcraft
—— and religion compared in reference to their destruction of human life, 56 sq.
Magical ceremonies for increasing the food supply, 102; ceremonies for the multiplication of totems, 124 sq.; intention of dramatic ceremonies in Central Australia, 122 sq., 126; virtues attributed to sacred stones in New Caledonia, 334 sqq.
Magician or priest, 336, 338. See also Sorcerer
Magicians, their importance in history, 16; but no priests at Doreh, 306
Malagasy, their ideas as to natural death, 48 sq.
Malanta, one of the Solomon Islands, 350
Malayalis, the, of Malabar, 162
Malignity of ghosts, 212, 381
Malo, island of, 48
Man creates gods in his own likeness, 19 sq.
——, grandeur and dignity of, 469 sq.; pettiness and insignificance of, 470 sq.
Mana, supernatural or spiritual power, 346 sq., 352, 371, 380
Manoam, evil spirits, 321
Manoga, a worshipful ghost, 368
Manslayers, precautions taken by, against the ghosts of their victims, 205 sq., 258, 279, 323; secluded, 279 sq., consecration of, 448 sq.; restrictions imposed on, 449. See also Homicides
Mari or mar, ghost, 173
Mariget, "ghost-hand," 177
Mariner, William, 411
Mariners, stones to help, 337
Markets, native, 394
Marotse, burial custom of the, 454
Marquesas Islands, 417
Married and unmarried, different modes of disposing of their corpses, 162
Masai, their myth of the origin of death, 65 sq.
Masked men, dramatic representation of ghosts and spirits by, 176, 179 sq., 180 sqq., 185 sqq.
—— dances, 297; of the Monumbo, 228
Masks worn by actors in sacred ceremonies, 179; used in dances, 233, 297
Masquerades, 297
Massim, the, of British New Guinea, 206
Master of Life, 163
Matacos Indians, 165
Mate, a worshipful spirit, 239
Material culture of the natives of New Guinea, 191; of the natives of Tumleo, 219 sq.; of Papuans, 231; of the Yabim, 242 sq.; of the Noofoor, 304 sq.; of the New Caledonians, 339; of the North Melanesians, 393 sqq.
Mawatta or Mowat, 47
Mbete, priest, 443, 445
Mea, a spiritual medium, 196
Mecklenburg, burial custom in, 457
Medicine-men, their importance in history, 16; inspired by spirits of the dead, 322
Medium inspired by soul of dead, 308 sq.
Mediums, spiritual, 196
Mediums who send their souls to deadland, 300
Megalithic monuments, 438
Melanesia, Central, belief in immortality among the natives of, 343 sqq.
——, Northern, belief in immortality among the natives of, 393 sqq.
——, Southern, belief in immortality among the natives of, 324 sqq.
Melanesian myths of the origin of death, 69, 71 sq., 83 sq.; theory of the soul, 344 sq.
Melanesians, their ideas as to natural deaths, 48, 54 sq.; Central, funeral customs of the, 347 sqq., 355 sqq.; and Papuans in New Guinea, 190 sq.
Memorial trees, 225
Men sacrificed to support posts of new house, 446 sq.; whipped by women in mourning, 452
Men's clubhouses, 221, 225, 226, 243, 256 sq., 355
Mentras or Mantras of the Malay Peninsula, 73
Merivale on Dartmoor, 438
Messengers, the Two, myth of origin of death, 60 sqq.
Messou, Indian magician, 78
Metals unknown in Northern Melanesia, 395
Metempsychosis, widespread belief in, 29
Methods of treating natural theology, 1 sqq.
—— of natural knowledge, 11
Mexicans, the ancient, 163
Meyer, H. E. A., 42
Migration of villages, 339
Migratory cultivation, 243
Miklucho-Maclay, Baron N., 235
Milky Way, Central Australian belief as to the, 140; souls of dead go to, 153
Milne Bay, 207
Mimika district in Dutch New Guinea, 318
Minnetaree Indians, 163
Misfortunes of all kinds caused by ghosts, 306 sq.
Moanus, the, of the Admiralty Islands, 400
Monarchical government, rise of, 141 sq.
Monsoon, south-east, festival at, 255
Monsoons, seasons determined by, 216
Monster supposed to swallow lads at initiation, 251 sq., 255, 260, 261, 290 sq., 301 sq.
Monumbo, the, of German New Guinea, 227 sq.
Monuments of the dead, 225
Moon, the waxing and waning, in myths of the origin of death, 60, 65 sqq.
—— in relation to doctrine of resurrection, 67 sq.; worship of the, 68
Moral restraint afforded by a fear of ghosts, 175
—— depravity of the Fijians, 409
Morality, superstition a crutch to, 175
Mortuary dramas, 189
Mos, a disembodied soul, 224
Mota, island of, 387
Motlav, in the Banks' Islands, 357
Motu, the, of British New Guinea, 192
Mound erected in a totemic ceremony, 110 sq.
Mounds on graves, 150, 164
Mourners, professional, 136
—— smeared with white clay, 158, 177; painted black, 178, 293, 403; garb of, 184, 198; cut their hair, 183, 204, 320, 451; abstain from certain foods, 198, 208, 209, 230, 314, 360, 452; restrictions observed by, 313 sq.; tattooed, 314; purified by bathing, 314, 319; plastered with mud, 318; cut or tear their ears, 183, 272, 327; secluded, 360; smeared with ashes, 361; anoint themselves with juices of putrefying corpse, 403; amputate their fingers, 199, 451; burn their skin, 154, 155, 157, 327, 451. See also Cuttings and Seclusion
Mourning, hair cut in, 135; extravagant demonstrations of grief in, 135 sq.; for a father-in-law, 155; amputation of fingers in, 199; varying period of, 274, 293; for a king, 451 sq.
—— costume, 249, 274, 320; a protection against ghosts, 241 sq.; of widower and widow, 259 sq.
Mowat or Mawatta, 47
Mud, mourners plastered with, 318
Mukden, burial custom in, 460
Mukjarawaint tribe, 155
Mummies of dead preserved in houses, 188
Mummification of the dead, 184, 185, 313
Mungai, places associated with totems, 117, 124
Murder, leaves thrown on scene of, 415
—— highly esteemed in Fiji, 447 sq.
Murdered man, ghost of, haunts murderer, 248
Murimuria, a second-rate heaven, 466
Murray Island, 174
Mutilations, bodily, at puberty, 303
Myth of the prelogical savage, 266
—— of the continuance of death, 472
Myths of the origin of death, 59 sqq.
Nai, souls of the dead, 240
Nai Thombothombo, in Fiji, 463
Nails of dead detached, 145; preserved, 339
Naindelinde in Fiji, 465
Naiteru-kop, a Masai god, 65
Namaquas, their myth of the origin of death, 65
Nambanaggatai, in Fiji, 465
Nambi and the origin of death, 78 sqq.
Name of mythical water-snake not uttered, 105
Names of the dead not mentioned, 135, 210, 246
Nandi, their myth of the origin of death, 66
Nanga, sacred stone enclosure, 428 sqq.; description of, 437 sq.
Nangganangga, the foe of unmarried ghosts, 464
Nanja tree or stone, 98
—— spot, 164, 165
Narrinyeri tribe of South Australia, 43; their beliefs as to the dead, 134 sqq.
Nassau, Rev. R. H., 51
Native beliefs influenced by European teaching, 142 sq.
Natural theology defined, 1, 8
—— death, disbelief of savages in, 33 sqq.
—— causes of death recognised by some savages, 55 sq.
—— features of landscape associated with traditions about the dead, 115 sqq.
Nature, gods of, 20; souls of the dead identified with spirits of, 130; two different views of human, 469 sqq.
Nayars, the, of Cochin, 162 sq.
Ndengei, Fijian god in form of serpent, 445, 462, 464, 465, 466
Necklaces worn in mourning, 198
Negen Negorijen in Dutch New Guinea, 316, 317
Negrito admixture in New Guinea, 198
Nemunemu, a creator, 240
Nether world, the lord of the, 286; abode of the dead in the, 292, 299, 322, 326, 353 sq.; descent of the living into the, 300; See also Land of the Dead
Nets worn by widows in mourning, 249, 260, 274, 293; worn by women in mourning, 241
New birth at initiation, pretence of, 254
New Britain (New Pomerania), 48, 69, 393, 394, 402, 404
—— Caledonia, natives of, 324; their beliefs and customs concerning the dead, 325 sqq.; their system of family prayers, 332 sq., 340; material culture of the, 339
—— Georgia, 48
—— Guinea, aborigines of, their ideas as to natural death, 47; the races of, 190 sq.; belief in immortality among the natives of British, 190 sqq.; belief in immortality among the natives of Dutch, 303 sqq.; belief in immortality among the natives of German, 216 sqq.
New Hebrides, myth of the origin of death in, 71, 343, 353
—— Ireland (New Mecklenburg), 393, 397
—— South Wales, aborigines of, their ideas as to the causes of death, 45 sq.; as to the home of the dead, 133 sq.
Newton, Alfred, 90 n. 1
Neyaux, the, of the Ivory Coast, 52
Ngai, human spirit, 129
Ngoc, the, of Annam, 69
Ngoni, the, 61
Nias, island of, 70
Nigeria, Northern, 28 n. 1, 49
Niggardly people punished in the other world, 405
Noblemen alone immortal, 33
Noofoor, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 303
Noomfor, island, 303
Norse burial custom, 453
Noses bored, ghosts should have their, 192, 194 sq.
Novices presented to ancestral spirits at initiation, 432 sq., 434
Nukahiva, one of the Marquesas Islands, 417
Objects offered to the dead broken, 276
Offering, soul of, consumed by deity or spirit, 297, 298
Offerings of food and water to the dead, 174; of food to the dead, 183, 201, 208, 211, 214, 232, 241, 332, 338, 364 sq., 367 sq., 372 sq., 396 sq., 429, 442, 467; of blood and hair to the dead, 183; of game and fish to the dead, 226; to the dead, 239, 276, 292; of first-fruits to the dead, 259; to ancestors, 298; of food to ghosts, 348 sq.; to ghosts, 364 sq.; of first-fruits to ancestral spirits, 429; of cloth and weapons to ancestral spirits, 430 sq. See also Sacrifices
——, burnt, to the dead, 294
Oknanikilla, local totem centre, 97, 99, 124
Old and young, difference between the modes of burying, 161, 162 sq.
Old people buried alive, 359
Olympia, Pelops at, 159
Omens after a death, 319
Opening, special, for carrying dead out of house, 452 sqq.
Oracles of dead kings, 151
—— of the dead, 151, 176, 179, 235
Oracular responses of Fijian priests, 443 sqq.
Oranges, spirits of the dead play with, 326
Ordeal to detect sorcerer, 50 sqq.
Orgy, licentious, following circumcision, 427 sq.
Origin of belief in immortality, 26 sqq.
—— of death, myths of the, 59 sqq.
Orion's belt, 368
Ornaments of corpse removed before burial, 223, 234, 241
Pahouins, the, 54
Palsy, a Samoan god, 72
Pandanus, reason for planting, 362
—— and ghosts, 463
Panoi, Melanesian land of the dead, 83, 345, 353 sq., 355, 356
Papuan art, 220
Papuans, animistic views of the, 264
—— and Melanesians in New Guinea, 190 sq.
Paraks, temples, 220
Parents deified, 439
Parkinson, R., 219, 221
Pelops, human blood offered on grave of, 159
Penates in New Guinea, 308, 317
Pennefather River, natives of the, their belief in reincarnation of the dead, 128
Perche, burial custom in, 458
Personal refuse, magic working through, 386, 413 sq.
Personification of natural phenomena, 20; of death, 81
Phosphorescent lights supposed to be ghosts, 198, 258
Physostigma venenosum in poison ordeal, 52
Piety, two types of, 23; co-operative system of, 333
Pigs, blood of, smeared on skulls and bones of the dead, 200; sacrificed to the dead, 201; sacrificed to monster who swallows lads at initiation, 251, 253, 260, 290, 301; sacrificed at grave, 356; sacrificed at burial, 359; sacrificed to ghosts, 365 sq.; sacrificed vicariously for the sick, 373, 374, 375; sacred, 433
——, livers of, offered to the dead, 360 sq.
Pines, Isle of, 325, 330, 337
Pirnmeheel, good spirit, 143
Place of sacrifice to ghosts, 370
Planting, sacrifices to ghosts at, 375
Platforms, dead laid on, 199, 203, 205
Plato, on death, 33
Pleiades, the, 368
Plum-tree people, 94
—— totem, dramatic ceremony connected with, 120, 121
Poison ordeal to detect sorcerers, 50 sqq.
Political constitution of the Fijians, 407
Pollution, ceremonial, of gravediggers, 327
Polynesian blood, infusion of, in New Guinea, 291
—— race, 406
Polytheism and monotheism, 11
Polytheism discarded, 20 sq.
Population, belief in sorcery a cause of keeping down the, 38, 40, 46 sq., 51 sqq.
Port Lincoln tribe of S. Australia, 42
—— Moresby, 193, 195
Poso in Celebes, 72
Posts of new house, men sacrificed to support, 446 sq.
Potsdam Harbour, in German New Guinea, 218, 227
Pottery, native, 220; in New Guinea, 305
——, Fijian, 407
—— unknown in Northern Melanesia, 395
Practical character of the savage, 274
Prayer-posts, 333 sq.
Prayers to the dead, 201 sq., 214, 222 sq., 259, 288, 307, 329 sq., 332 sqq., 340, 376 sq., 401, 403 sq., 427, 441; to ghosts, 348
Precautions taken against ghosts, 152 sq., 258; against a wife's ghost, 197; against ghosts of the slain, 205 sq.
Predominance of the worship of the dead, 297 sq.
Prelogical savage, myth of the, 266
Pretence of attacking persons engaged in attending to a corpse, 177, 178
—— of avenging the dead, 136 sq., 282, 328 See also Sham fight
Priest, family, 332, 340
——, chief or high, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434
—— or magician, 336, 338
Priests, Fijian, 433 sqq.
Private or tame ghosts, 369 sq., 381, 382, 386
—— property, rights of, consolidated by taboo, 390
Problem of death, 31 sqq.
Progress partly determined by competition, 89 sq.
——, social, stimulated by favourable natural conditions, 148 sq.
Promiscuity, temporary, 427 sq., 433, 434 n. 1, 436 sq.
Property displayed beside the corpse, 397
——, rights of private, consolidated by taboo, 390; temporarily suspended, 427 sq.
Property of dead deposited in grave, 145 sqq., 359, 397; motive for destroying, 147 sq.; hung up on trees, 148; destroyed, 327, 459; burnt, 401 sq.
Prophecy inspired by ghosts, 388
Prophets inspired by ghosts, 388 sq.
——, Hebrew, 14
Propitiation of the dead, 201, 307, 338; of ghosts and spirits, 226, 239, 348
Puberty, initiation at, 254 sq.; bodily mutilations at, 303
Public ghosts, 367, 369
Purification of homicides, 206, 229
—— by bathing and shaving, 208
—— of mourners by bathing, 314, 319
Queensland, belief in reincarnation of the dead among the aborigines of, 127 sqq.; burial customs in, 147
Rain sent by a mythical water-snake, 112, 114; prayers for, 288; stones to make, 336 sq.
—— and sunshine caused by a ghost, 375
—— -ghost, 375
—— -making, 288; by the bones of the dead, 341
Rat in myth of the origin of death, 67
Rationality of the savage, 264 sqq.
Rebirth of the dead, 93 sq., 107, 127 sq. See also Reincarnation
—— of parents in their children, 315
Recovery of lost souls, 194, 270 sq., 300 sq.
Red, skulls painted, 178
Red bark in poison ordeals, 50, 52
—— paint, manslayers smeared with, 448, 449
—— roses, corpse crowned with, 233, 234
Reflection or shadow, soul associated with, 207, 267
Refuse, personal, magic working by means of, 413 sq.
Reincarnation, widespread belief in, 29. See also Rebirth
—— doctrine of, unknown in Torres Straits, 172
—— of the dead, belief of Central Australians in, 92 sqq., 107
—— of the dead, 124 sq., 127 sq.; of Australian aborigines in white people, 130, 131 sqq.; of parents in their children, 315; of grandfather in grandchild, 417, 418
Relics of the dead as amulets, 332, 370; preserved, 348
Religion, importance of the history of, 3; embryology of, 88
Religion and magic compared in reference to their destruction of human life, 57 sq.; combined in ritual, 111 sq., 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 376
—— and theology, how related, 9
Resemblance of children to the dead, a source of belief in the transmigration of souls, 28 sq.
Restrictions observed by mourners, 313 sq.; ceremonial, laid on gravediggers, 327; imposed on manslayers, 449
Resurrection, ceremony of, among the Akikuya, 254
—— from the dead after three days, 67 sq.; of the dead, steps taken to prevent the, 144; as an initiatory rite at puberty, 254 sq., 261, 302, 431, 434 sq.
Return of the ghosts, 195, 198, 246, 300
Revelation, the question of a supernatural, 8 sq.
Revival, temporary, of primitive communism, 436 sq.
Rheumatism attributed to sorcery, 45
Rhodesia, 77
Ribs of dead distributed among relatives, 400
Ridgeway, W., on the origin of Greek tragedy, 189
Rights of property temporarily suspended, 427 sq.
Ritual combining elements of religion and magic, 111 sq.
Rivalry between man and animals for gift of immortality, 74 sq.
River crossed by souls of the dead, 299, 462
Rocking stone, 213
Roro-speaking tribes of British New Guinea, 47, 196, 198
Roth, W. E., 128
Run or Ron, island, 303, 311
Russia, burial custom in, 453
Saa, in Malanta, 350, 351, 372, 378
Sacrament of pork and water at initiation, 432 sq.
Sacred stones in New Caledonia, magical virtues attributed to, 334 sqq.
—— enclosure of stones (Nanga) in Fiji, 428 sqq., 437 sq.
—— pigs, 433
Sacrifice, crude motives for, 298 sq.; place of, 332
—— of dogs in epidemics, 296; of foreskins and fingers in honour of the dead, 426 sq.
Sacrifices to the dead, economic loss entailed by, 149
—— to the dead, 239, 307, 338. See also Offerings
Sacrifices, burnt, reasons for, 348 sq.; burnt, to ghosts, 366, 367 sq., 373
—— to ghosts, 328; at planting, 375
——, human, to ghosts, 371 sq.; human, in Fiji, 446 sq.
Sacrificial ritual in the Solomon Islands, 365 sq.
Saddle Mountain in German New Guinea, 262
St. Joseph River in New Guinea, 196, 198
Sakalava, the, of Madagascar, 49; burial custom of, 461
Saleijer, island of, burial custom in, 461
Samoa, 406
—— Harbour, in German New Guinea, 256
Samoan myth of the origin of death, 72
Samoyeds, burial custom of the, 457
Samu-yalo, the killer of souls, 465
San Cristoval, one of the Solomon Islands, 347, 376
Sanctuaries, primitive, 99
—— of ghosts, 377 sq.
Sanctuary, grave of worshipful dead becomes a, 347
Sanitation based on fear of sorcery, 386 sq., 414
Santa Cruz Islands, 343
Santa Cruz, in the Solomon Islands, burial customs at, 352; sacrifices to ghosts in, 374 sq.
Savage, myth of the prelogical, 266
——, practical character of the, 274
——, rationality of the, 264 sqq.
—— notions of causality, 19 sq.; conception of death, 31 sqq.; disbelief in death from natural causes, 33 sqq.; thought vague and inconsistent, 143
—— religion, the study of, 7
Savagery, importance of the study of, 6 sq.; a case of arrested or retarded development, 88 sq.; rise of monarchy essential to emergence from, 142
Savages pay little attention to the stars, 140; strength and universality of belief in immortality among, 468
Savo, one of the Solomon Islands, 347
Scarf, soul caught in a, 412 sq.
Scenery of Fiji, 409 sq.
Schomburgk, Richard, 38
Schuermann, C. W., 42 sq.
Scientific conception of the world as a system of impersonal forces, 20 sq.
Scotland, burial custom in, 453, 458
Sea, land of the dead at the bottom of the, 307, 326
—— -burial, 397
—— -burial and land-burial, 347 sq.
—— -ghosts and land-ghosts, 348
Seclusion of widow and widower, 204, 248 sq., 259, 275; of relatives at grave, 209; of mourners, 223 sq., 313 sq., 360; of novices at circumcision, 251 sq., 260 sq., 302; of manslayers, 279 sq.; of gravediggers, 327, 451; of female mourners, 398
Seclusion and purification of manslayer, 229 sq.
Second death of the dead, 195, 287, 299, 345, 350, 351, 354
Secret societies, 395
—— Society (Asa), 233
Seemann, Berthold, 439 sq.
Seer describes ghosts, 204 sq.
Seget Sele, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 317
Seligmann, Dr. C. G., 47, 191, 197, 206
Selwyn, Bishop, 363
Serpent and his cast skin in myths of the origin of death, 60, 69 sqq., 74 sq., 83
——, god in form of, 445, 462
Serpents, souls of the dead in the form of, 300
Setting sun, ghosts attracted to the, 175 sq.
Sexual licence following initiation, 433, 434 n. 1, 436 sq.
Shadow or reflection, human soul associated with, 129, 130, 173, 207, 267, 395, 412
Shadows of people seized by ghosts, 378, 383
Shaking of medium a symptom of inspiration, 308, 309, 311
Sham attack on men engaged in attending to a corpse, 177, 178
—— burial, 356
—— fight to appease ghost, 136 sq.; as a funeral ceremony, 235 sq., 327 sq.; as a ceremony to promote the growth of yams, 330. See also Pretence
Sharks animated by ghosts, 348
——, ghosts incarnate in, 373, 380; images of, 373
Shaving heads of mourners, 208
Sheep in story of the origin of death, 64
Shell-money, 394; laid on corpse and buried with it, 398
Shortlands Islands, 71
Shrine of warrior ghost, 365
Shrines for ancestral spirits, 316, 317
Siamese, burial custom of the, 456
Siasi Islands, 244
Sick and old buried alive in Fiji, 420 sqq.
Sickness caused by demons, 194; caused by ghosts, 56 sq., 195, 197, 222, 269 sq., 271, 279, 300, 305, 322, 372, 381 sqq., 389
—— supposed to be an effect of witchcraft, 35 sqq.
Sickness and death set down to sorcery, 240, 257
—— and disease recognised by some savages as due to natural causes, 55 sq. See also Disease
Sido, his journey to the land of the dead, 211 sq.
Sins, confession of, 201
Skin cast as a means of renewing youth, 69 sqq., 74 sq., 83
Skull-shaped stones in rain-making, 336 sq.
Skulls, spirits of the dead embodied in their, 338
—— and arm-bones, special treatment of the, 199 sq.; carried by dancers at funeral dance, 200
—— of the dead preserved, 199 sqq., 209, 249, 318, 328, 339, 347, 351 sq., 398, 400 sq., 403; preserved and consulted as oracles, 176, 178 sq., 179; used in divination, 213; kept in men's clubhouses, 221, 225; inserted in wooden images, 311 sq., 321; religious ceremonies performed with the, 329 sq.; food offered to the, 339 sq., 352; used to fertilise plantations, 340; used in conjurations, 402
Sky, souls of the dead thought to be in the, 133 sq., 135, 138 sq., 141, 142
Slain, ghosts of the, especially dreaded, 205, 258, 279, 306, 323
Sleep, soul thought to quit body in, 257, 291, 395, 412
Smith, E. R., 53
Smyth, R. Brough, 43 sq.
Snakes, ghosts in, 380
Sneezing, omens from, 194
Social progress stimulated by favourable natural conditions, 141 sq., 148 sq.
—— ranks, gradation of, in Fiji, 408
Solomon Islands, 343, 346 sqq.; sacrificial ritual in the, 365 sq.
Somosomo, one of the Fijian islands, 425, 441, 442
Sorcerers, their importance in history, 16
—— catch and detain souls, 267, 268 sq., 270
—— put to death, 35, 35 sq., 37 sq., 40 sq., 44, 50, 136, 250, 269, 277, 278 sq., 341 sq. See also Magician
Sorcery as the supposed cause of natural deaths, 33 sqq., 136, 268, 270, 402; sickness and death ascribed to, 257
—— a cause of keeping down the population, belief in, 38, 40, 46 sq., 51 sqq.
—— Fijian dread of, 413 sq.; See also Magic and Witchcraft
Sores ascribed to action of ghosts, 257
Soro, atonement, 427
Soul, world-wide belief in survival of soul after death, 24, 25, 33
Soul of sleeper detained by enemy, 49; human, associated with shadow or reflection, 173, 267, 395, 412; pretence of carrying away the, 181 sq.; detained by demon, 194; recovery of a lost, 194, 270 sq.; thought to quit body in sleep, 257, 291, 395, 412; resides in the eye, 267; thought to pervade the body, 267; two kinds of human, 267 sq.; caught and detained by sorcerer, 267, 268 sq., 270; long soul and short soul, 291 sq.; of offering consumed by deity or spirit, 297, 298; thought to reside in the blood, 307; Melanesian theory of the, 344 sq.; of sick tied up by ghost, 374; North Melanesian theory of the, 395 sq.; in form of animals, 396; Fijian theory of the, 410 sqq.; caught in a scarf, 412 sq.; of grandfather reborn in grandchild, 417; of offerings consumed by gods, 443
—— -stuff or spiritual essence, 267 sq., 270, 271, 279. See also Spirit
Souls, recovery of lost, 300 sq.; River of the, 462; the killer of, 464 sq.
—— of animals, sacrifices to the, 239; of animals offered to ghosts, 246
—— attributed by the Fijians to animals, vegetables, and inanimate things, 410 sq.
—— of the dead identified with spirits of nature, 130; turned into animals, 229; as falling stars, 229; live in trees, 316
—— carried off by ghosts, 197, 383; of sorcerers in animals, 39
—— of noblemen only saved, 33; of those who died from home called back, 311
Spells or incantations, 385
Spencer and Gillen, 46 sq., 91 sq., 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 116 sqq., 123 sq., 140, 148, 156, 157, 158
Spider and Death, 82 sq.
Spirit, human, associated with the heart, 129; associated with the shadow, 129, 130. See also Soul
Spirits, ancestral, help hunters and fishers, 226; worshipped in the Nanga, 428 sq.; cloth and weapons offered to, 430 sq.; novices presented to, at initiation, 432 sq., 434
—— of animals go to the spirit land, 210
—— consume spiritual essence of sacrifices, 285, 287, 297, 298
—— of the dead thought to be strengthened by blood, 159; reborn in women, 93 sq.; give information to the living, 240; give good crops, 247 sq.; thought to be mischievous, 257
Spirits and ghosts, distinction between, in Central Melanesia, 343, 363
—— and gods, no certain demarcation between, 441
——, grand concert of, 340 sq.; represented by masked dancers, 297; in tree-tops, 313
——, guardian, 227
—— of nature identified with souls of the dead, 130. See also Dead and Ghost
Spiritual essence or soul-stuff, 267 sq., 279. See also Soul-stuff
Squatting posture of corpse in burial, 207
Stanbridge, W. E., 44
Stars associated with the souls of the dead, 134, 140; little regarded by savages, 140; falling, the souls of the dead, 229
Steinen, K. von den, 35
Sternberg, L., 15 n. 1
Stick, cleft, used in cure, 271
Stillborn children, burial of, 458
Stocks, wooden, as representatives of the dead, 374, 386
Stolz, Mr., 238, 239
Stomach, soul seated in, 291 sq.
Stone, a rocking, 213
—— used in rain-making, 288
—— of Famine, 334
—— of the Sun, 336
Stonehenge, 438
Stones, sacred, in New Caledonia, magical virtues attributed to, 334 sqq.; sacred, in sanctuaries, 377 sq.
—— used as altars, 379
Stones inhabited by ghosts, 383 sq.
Store-houses, sacred, in Central Australia, 99, 101
Strangling the sick and aged in Fiji, 423 sq.
Sua, human spirit or ghost, 193
Suicide to escape decrepitude of old age, 422 sq.
Suicides, burial of, 164, 453, 458
Sulka, the, of New Britain, 398 sq.
Sumatra, the Gajos of, 455
Sun and the origin of death, 77
——, ghosts attracted to the setting, 175 sq.
——, Stone of the, 336
Sunshine, the making of, 336
—— and rain caused by a ghost, 375
Supernatural or spiritual power (mana) acquired from ghosts, 346 sq., 352, 371, 380
Superstition a crutch to morality, 175
Supreme Being unknown among aborigines of Central Australia, 91 sq.; among the Monumbo, 228
Survival of human soul after death, world-wide belief in, 24, 25, 33
Swallowed by monster, pretence that candidates at initiation are, 251 sqq., 260 sq., 290 sq., 301 sq.
Swine sent to ravage fields by ghosts, 278
Symbolism of prayer-posts, 333 sq.
Taboo, meaning of, 390; in Central Melanesia based on a fear of ghosts, 390 sq.; a prop of monarchical power, 408
Tabu, demon, 194
Tago, spirits, 297
Tahiti, 439
Tamanachiers, an Indian tribe, 70 sq.
Tami Islanders of German New Guinea, 291 sqq.
Taming a ghost, 370
Tamos, the, of German New Guinea, 230
Tanna, one of the New Hebrides, 369, 439
Tanoa, king of Fiji, 425
Taplin, Rev. George, 43, 134 sqq.
Tapum, guardian spirits, 227
Taro, prayer for good crop of, 289
Tasmanians, the, 89
Tattooing as sign of mourning, 314
Teeth of dead worn by relatives, 314 sq., 400, 404; used as amulets, 332; preserved as relics, 339; used to fertilise plantations, 340
Temples (paraks) in Tumleo, 220 sq.
——, Fijian, 439, 441 sq.
Terer, a mythical being, 181
Thapauerlu, a pool, 105, 108
Theology, natural, defined, 1, 8
—— and religion, how related, 9
Thomson, Basil, 408, 414, 428 n. 1, 429 n. 1, 434 n. 1, 436
Threats of the dying, 273
Three days, resurrection after, 67 sq.
Threshold, the dead carried out under the, 453, 457; movable, 457
Thrush in story of the origin of death, 61 sq.
Thunder the voice of a mythical being, 112, 114, 143
Tindalo, a powerful ghost, 346
Tinneh or Dene Indians, their ideas as to death, 39 sq.
Tlaloc, Mexican rain-god, 163
Tlingit Indians, 163; burial custom of the, 455
To Kambinana, 69
To Korvuvu, 69
Togoland, West Africa, 81
Toll exacted from ghosts, 224
Tollkeeper, ghostly, 224
Tonga, 406, 411
Tongans, their limited doctrine of immortality, 33
Torres Islands, 343, 353
—— Straits Islanders, their ideas as to sickness and death, 47; their belief in immortality, 170 sqq.; their ethnological affinity and social culture, 170 sqq.; funeral ceremonies of the, 176 sqq.
Totem, a dominant, 113; design emblematic of, 168
Totemic ancestor developing into a god, 113; ancestors, traditions concerning, 115 sqq.
—— animals, imitation of, 177
—— clans, 104; animals and plants eaten, 120 sq.; animals and plants dramatically represented by actors, 121 sq.
Totemism, 95; possibly developing into ancestor worship, 114 sq.; in Torres Straits, 172
Totems, dramatic ceremonies connected with, 119 sqq.; eaten, 120 sqq.; magical ceremonies for the multiplication of, 124 sq.
Tracking a ghost, 277 sq.
Traditions of the dead associated with conspicuous features of the landscape, 115 sqq.
Transmigration, widespread belief in, 29; of dead into animals, 242, 245; of souls, 322; Fijian doctrine of, 467
Travancore, burial custom in, 456
Tree of immortality, 74
Tree-burial, 161, 166, 167, 199, 203; of young children, 312 sq.
—— -tops, spirits in, 313
Trees, property of dead hung up on, 148; as monuments of the dead, 225; huts built in, 263; souls of the dead live in, 316
Tremearne, Major A. J. N., 28 n. 1
Truth of the belief in immortality, question of the, 469 sqq.
Tsiabiloum, the land of the dead, 326
Tube inserted in grave, 277
Tubes, magical, 269, 270
Tubetube, island of, 206, 209, 210
Tugeri or Kaya-Kaya, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 255
Tully River in Queensland, 130
Tulmeng, lord of the nether world, 286
Tumleo, island of, 218 sqq.
Tumudurere, a mythical being, 207
Tumupasa, burial custom of the Indians of, 457
Turner, Dr. George, 325, 339, 369
Turrbal tribe, 146
Tuski of Alaska, burial custom of the, 456
Two Messengers, the, myth of the origin of death, 60 sqq.
Uganda, first man in, 78; dead kings of, worshipped, 151; jawbones of dead kings of, preserved, 235; war-god of, 366. See also Baganda
Unburied dead, ghosts of the, 349
Unfruitful wife, mode of impregnating, 417
Unkulunkulu, 60
Unmarried ghosts, hard fate of, 464
Umatjera tribe, 68, 166
Urabunna, the, of Central Australia, 95
Vagueness and inconsistency of savage thought, 143
Vale tambu, the Sacred House, 438
Vanigela River, 202, 203
Vanua Lava, mountain, 355
—— -levu, one of the Fijian Islands, 416, 417, 418, 426
Vate or Efat, one of the New Hebrides, 359, 376
Vengeance taken on enemies by means of a ghost, 258; ghost calls for, 278, 310, 468
Vetter, Konrad, 242, 244, 245, 248, 255
Vicarious sacrifices of pigs for the sick, 372, 374, 375
Victoria, aborigines of, their ideas as to natural death, 40 sq., 42; their beliefs as to the dead, 142; their burial customs, 145, 145 sq.; cuttings for the dead among the, 154 sq.
Views of human nature, two different, 469 sqq.
Village of ghosts, 231 sq., 234
—— deserted after a death, 275
Viti Levu, one of the Fijian Islands, 419, 428, 435, 445
Vormann, Franz, 228 sq.
Vuatom, island, 70
Wagawaga, in British New Guinea, 206 sqq.
Wainimala in Fiji, 436
Wakelbura, the, 152
Wallace, Alfred Russel, on death, 85 sq.
War, ancestral images taken to, 310, 315; perpetual state of, 339
—— -god of Uganda, 366
Warramunga, the, of Central Australia, 94; their totem the Wollunqua, 103 sqq., 108 sqq.; dramatic ceremonies connected with totems among the, 123 sq.; cuttings for the dead among the, 156 sqq.; burial customs of the, 167 sq.
Warrior ghost, 363 sq.
Warriors pray to ghosts, 288
Wars among savages undertaken to appease angry ghosts, 468
Wa-Sania, tribe of E. Africa, 66
Washing body a rain-charm, 375
Watch-an-die, tribe of W. Australia, 41
Watch at the grave, 293
—— of widow or widower on grave, 241
Water as a barrier against ghosts, 152; poured as a rain-charm, 375 sq.
—— great, to be crossed by ghosts, 224
—— -snake, great mythical (Wollunqua), 104 sqq., 108 sqq.
Way to the land of the dead, 212 sq.
Weakening of religious faith, 4
Weapons deposited with the dead, 145 sqq.; deposited at grave, 211; of dead broken, 399
Weather regulated by ghosts and spirits, 384 sq.
—— -doctors, 385 sq.
Weaving in New Guinea, 305
Weismann, August, on death, 84 sq.
Wemba, the, of Northern Rhodesia, 77
Western Australia, beliefs as to death among the natives of, 41 sq.
Whale's teeth as offerings, 420, 421, 429, 443, 444
Whip of souls, 270
Whipping men in mourning, 452
White ants' nests, ghosts turn into, 351
—— clay smeared on mourners, 158, 177
—— men identified with the spirits of the dead, 342
—— people, souls of dead Australian aborigines thought to be reborn in, 130, 131 sqq.
Whitened with chalk, bodies of lads after circumcision, 302
Widow, mourning costume of, 184, 204; seclusion of, 204; killed to accompany the ghost of her husband, 249, 275; drinks juices of putrefying corpse, 313
Widower exposed to attacks of his wife's ghost, 197; costume of, 204; seclusion of, 204, 248 sq., 259
Widows cut and burn their bodies in mourning, 176
Wigs worn by Fijians, 451
Wiimbaio tribe, 145
Wilkes, Charles, 424 sq.
Williams, Thomas, 408, 412, 413, 452, 467
Williamson, R. W., 201
Wind, ghosts float down the, 176
Windessi, in Dutch New Guinea, burial customs at, 318 sq.
Wingara, early mythical times, 116
Witchcraft, fear of, 244; death ascribed to, 277, 402; Fijian terror of, 413 sq.; benefits derived from, 414
Witchcraft or black magic in Central Melanesia, 386 sq.
—— as a cause of death, 34 sqq. See also Sorcery
Witchetty grub totem, dramatic ceremonies concerned with, 121 sq., 123
Wives of the dead killed, 399; strangled or buried alive at their husbands' funerals in Fiji, 424 sq.
Woibu, the land of the dead, 211
Wolgal tribe, 146
Wollunqua, mythical water-snake, totem of the Warramunga, 103 sqq., 108 sqq., 125; ceremonies in honour of the, 108 sqq.
Woman, old, in myths of the origin of death, 64, 71 sq.
——, the Great, 464
Women thought not to have immortal spirits, 92; cut and burn their bodies in mourning, 154 sqq., 196, 203; excluded from circumcision ground, 291, 301; dance at deaths, 293; drink juices of putrefying corpse, 355; not allowed to be present at sacrifices, 367; whip men in mourning, 452; burial of childless, 458; the cause of death, 472
—— dying in childbed, special treatment of their ghosts, 358; their ghosts specially feared, 212, 458 sqq.
Wordsworth on immortality, 26 n. 1
Worship of ancestors, 221, 328 sqq., 338; predominance of the, 297 sq.; possibly evolved from totemism, 114 sq. See also Worship of the dead.
—— of ancestors in Central Australia, possible evolution of, 125 sq.; of ancestral spirits in the Nanga, 428 sq.
—— of the dead, 23 sqq., 328 sqq., 338; in part based on a theory of dreams, 27 sq.; elements of it widespread, 31; in British New Guinea, 201 sq.; predominance of the, 297 sq.
—— of the dead, incipient, in Australia, 149, 150, 168 sq.
—— of the dead in Torres Straits, elements of a, 189; among the Yabim, elements of a, 255
Worshipful ghosts, 362 sq.
Wotjobaluk, the, 67, 139
Wraiths, 396
Wurunjerri, the, 146
Yabim, the, of German New Guinea, 242 sqq.; their ideas as to death, 47
Yams, prayers for, 330; stones to make yams grow, 337 sq.
Young children buried on trees, 312 sq.
Young and old, difference between the modes of burying, 161, 162 sq.
Youth supposed to be renewed by casting skin, 69 sqq., 74 sq., 83
Ysabel, one of the Solomon Islands, 350, 372, 379, 380
Yule Island, 196 n. 2, 197
Zahn, Heinrich, 242, 244
Zend-Avesta, 453
Zulus, their story of the origin of death, 60 sq.
END OF VOL. I
* * * * *
Works by J. G. FRAZER, D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D.
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
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