 |
But, if the outward type is rarely seen, its inward qualities remain. What were those qualities?
The late Professor York Powell summed up the character of the Viking emigrant folk in his introduction to Mr. Collingwood's Scandinavian Britain, as follows:—
"A sturdy, thrifty, hardworking, law-loving people, fond of good cheer and strong drink, of shrewd, blunt speech, and a stubborn reticence, when speech would be useless or foolish; a people clean-living, faithful to friend and kinsman, truthful, hospitable, liking to make a fair show, but not vain or boastful; a people with perhaps little play of fancy or great range of thought, but cool-thinking, resolute, determined, able to realise the plainer facts of life clearly, and even deeply."[16]
Blend these qualities with those of the Gael, and what infinite possibilities appear; for the characteristics of the two races supplement each other. Fuse them together in proper proportions for a few generations, the improvident and dreamy with the thrifty and energetic, the voluble with the reticent, the romantic and humorous with the truthful and blunt of speech, the fiery and impulsive with the sober of thought, and how greatly is the type improved in the new race evolved from the union of both.
Turning from eugenics to more practical matters, it was the brain and the manual skill of the Viking that invented and perfected our modern sailing ship. Stripped of its barbaric excrescences at stem and stern, and of its rows of shields and ornaments, the lines of the Viking ship of Gokstad[17] found there buried but entire, are the lines of our herring boats of fifty years ago. Sharp and partly decked at stem and stern only, like those boats, the Viking ship could live, head to the waves, even in the roughest sea. It was, too, a living thing, a new type of vessel handy to row or sail, and far in advance not only of the early British ship and Pictish coracle[18] but also of the Roman galley with lines like those of a canal barge, and also far in advance of the Saxon ship of war or merchandise. The only points of difference between the older type of herring boat and the Viking ship were the stepping of the mast further forward and the use of the fixed rudder in the modern vessel.
Not only did the Viking brain invent our modern ship, but it was the Viking spirit that impelled us as a nation to use the ocean as a highway. The Norseman had discovered America and West Africa many centuries before Columbus or Vasco di Gama. The Norse colonised[19] Greenland, Labrador, and possibly even Massachusetts, and it was on a voyage to Iceland that Jean Cabot heard of America, on whose continent he was the first modern sailor to land, and it is said that it was through him that Columbus, after he had discovered the West Indian Islands, first heard that North America had been proved to be a continent by Cabot's coasting voyage along its shore from Maine to Florida. The Vikings, too, taught us the discipline without which no ship can live through an ocean storm. Their spirit, too, when piracy had died out, led us into trade; for, as we have seen, the Viking was no mere pirate, but ever a trader as well.[20] Their sea-fights live in story, though their traders found no skald or bard, and it is thus that we hear less of their trading or of their civic or domestic life.
This spirit of theirs, like their blood, is ever with us still. It has gone into our race, and it keeps coming out in unexpected quarters. Hidden under Celtic colouring and Highland dress, the Viking warrior is there in spirit, glorying in battle, though often apparently no more of a real "Barelegs" by race than was kilted King Magnus. The Berserk fury and stubborn tenacity of our Highland regiments derive their origin from the Viking as well as from the Celtic strain.[21] Our sailors too, had they been Celts, would not readily have left smooth water. It was Viking not Celtic blood that drove them to the open sea. It was Viking skill that built the ships, managed them in storms through Viking discipline, navigated them across the ocean, and gave us the naval and commercial supremacy which founded and preserves our empire overseas.
They came to us not only from Norway direct, westwards across the sea. They came to us also from Normandy northwards through England. The first swarms of Norsemen had brought with them rapine and disorder. Later on the Norman came to the north to curb such evils, and to organise, administer, and rule the land. The Normans succeeded in this as signally as the Saxon barons, introduced under Saint Margaret, Malcolm Canmore's Saxon queen, had failed. David I was by education a Norman knight. At heart he was an ecclesiastic. As Scotland's king, he was, in theory, owner of Scotland's soil from the Tweed to the Pentland Firth, and he disposed of it to his feudal barons, mainly Norman, and to religious foundations on Norman lines, as the Norman kings of England had done there before him, in order to organise and consolidate his kingdom; and his successors did the same.
Thus, as Professor Hume Brown puts it—[22]
"Directly and indirectly the Norman conquest influenced Scotland only less profoundly than England itself. In the case of Scotland it was less immediate and obtrusive, but in its totality it is a fact of the first importance in the national history."
It affected Scotland in the latter part of the times which we have considered right up to John o' Groats. Moray was divided among Normans and "trustworthy natives," and the scattering of its Pictish population gave the Mackays to Sutherland, and, largely blended with the Norse, they still occupy the greater part of it. The Freskyns, as "trustworthy natives," were introduced into Sutherland, after many a fight for it, by charter doubtless in Norman form; and Normans won Caithness in the persons of the earlier Cheynes and Oliphants and St. Clairs, who, by inter-marriage with the descendants in the female line of a branch of the Freskyns, possessed themselves not only of the lands of the family of Moddan but of most of the mainland territories of the Erlend line, through Johanna of Strathnaver's daughters and great-grand-daughters.
At a time and in an age when liberty meant licence, the order which the Norman introduced into the north made more truly for real liberty and the supremacy of law, than the individual independence which the Norseman had left his native land to preserve; and though both feudalism and the blind obedience to authority then enjoined by the Catholic Church are no longer approved or required, and have long been rightly discarded, yet they served their purpose in their day, by evolving from the wild blend of Gaels and Norsemen, which held the land, a civilised people free from many of the worse, and endowed with many of the better qualities of either race.
NOTES
_The following abbreviations are used:
H.B. for Hume Brown's History of Scotland.
O.S. for Orkneyinga Saga.
O.P. for Origines Parochiales.
F.B. for Flatey Book.
O. and S. for Tudor's Orkney and Shetland.
B.N. Burnt Njal.
And see List of Authorities (ante) for full titles of Books referred to. Save where otherwise stated the references to the Sagas are to the chapters not pages_.
NOTES
CHAPTER I.
[Footnote 1: Rhind Lectures 1883 and 1886, and see The County of Caithness, pp. 273-307.]
[Footnote 2: Royal Commission 2nd Report, 1911, and 3rd Report, 1911; see also Laing and Huxley's Prehistoric Remains of Caithness, 1866.]
[Footnote 3: Survivals in Belief among the Celts, 1911.]
[Footnote 4: Tacitus, Agricola 22-28.]
[Footnote 5: Coille-duine, or Kelyddon-ii.]
[Footnote 6: H.B., vol. i, p. 5.]
[Footnote 7: Anderson, Scotland in Pagan Times, p. 222. Two plates of brass found in Craig Carrill Broch. Copper 84%, tin 16%.]
[Footnote 8: See Laing and Huxley's Prehistoric Remains in Caithness, Laing ascribes a much greater antiquity to the Burgs, pp. 60-61. See Skene, Chron. Picts and Scots, pp. 157-160 as to a legend of their Scythian origin, and p. xcvi and p. 58.]
[Footnote 9: See Reeves' Life, and see H.B., vol. i, pp. 12-15; also Dr. Joseph Anderson's Scotland in Early Christian Times, 1879, p. 139.]
[Footnote 10: H.B., vol. i, pp. 10-17.]
CHAPTER II.
[Footnote 1: See MacBain's note at p. 157 of Skene's Highlanders of Scotland.]
[Footnote 2: For the boundaries of Sutherland, see Sir R. Gordon's Genealogie of the Earles, pp. i and 2, and map hereto.]
[Footnote 3: In Ness the subjacent stone is too near the surface to have ever admitted of the growth of large trees.]
[Footnote 4: Scrope, Days of Deerstalking, 3rd edit., pp. 374-377.]
[Footnote 5: Curie's Inventories of Monuments, &c., 1911 (Caithness) 1911 (Sutherland), and see his maps. Why are there no brochs in Moray, Aberdeenshire and the Mearns? Did the Picts come there from the west and south-west coast after the age of broch-building, driven before the Scots, first eastward, then north into the Grampians?]
[Footnote 6: For example in Loch Naver.]
[Footnote 7: Anderson's Scotland in Pagan Times, pp. 174-259.]
[Footnote 8: See Munro's Prehistoric Scotland, p. 356.]
[Footnote 9: Often spelt Mormaor. See Ritson, Annals of the Caledonians, pp. 62-3.]
[Footnote 10: See Scotland in Early Christian Times (Anderson), pp. 141-2.]
[Footnote 11: Despite The Pictish Nation, pp. 69 and 401. But see Skene, Chron. Picts and Scots (Annals of Tighernac) p. 75, where 150 Pictish ships are said to have been wrecked in 729 A.D.]
[Footnote 12: See Du Chaillu, The Viking Age, vol. ii. pp. 65-101.]
[Footnote 13: Worsaae, The Prehistory of the North, pp. 184-7. Scandinavian Britain, pp. 34-42.]
[Footnote 14: Viking Society's Orkney and Shetland Folk, 1914.]
[Footnote 15: Robertson, Early Kings, vol. i, p. 105, and ii, p. 469.]
[Footnote 16: Dun-bretan, or the fort of the Britons; Alcluyd, the rock of the Clyde.]
CHAPTER III.
[Footnote 1: H.B., vol. i, p. 22.]
[Footnote 2: Chron. Hunt. Skene, Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 209.]
[Footnote 3: See also Rhys, Celtic Britain, p. 198.]
[Footnote 4: Flatey Book, vol. i, ch. 218.]
[Footnote 5: H.B., vol. i, p. 27.]
[Footnote 6: Haroldswick in Unst is said to have been called after King Harald. Tudor, O. and S., p. 570.]
[Footnote 7: Ekkjals-bakki is clearly Oykel's Bank, the high bank or [Greek: ochthe hypsele] of Ptolemy. "Ochill" is the same word. As for Bakke, see Coldbackie and Hysbackie near Tongue.]
[Footnote 8: O.S., ch. 4, 5.]
[Footnote 9: The late Dr. Joass had identified the site of the burial mound. It is said to be Croc Skardie on the S.E. bank of the River Evelix, near Sidera. Skardi is a Norse word, and probably means a gap, or a twin-topped hillock, which it is.]
[Footnote 10: H.B., i, p. 28.]
[Footnote 11: See Skene's Chronicles of the Picts and Scots, pp. 8, 9 and lxxv, and Celtic Scotland, vol. i, 339, note.]
[Footnote 2: An able paper on this subject by the late Mr. R.L. Bremner was read to the Viking Society, and it is hoped may be printed. But Brunanburgh is usually located south of the Humber, or in the Wirral in Cheshire. See Scandinavian Britain, pp. 131-4 where it is located on the west coast, and on this coast it probably was.]
[Footnote 13: See Genealogie of the Earles, pp. 1 and 2, as to the "boundaries of Southerland."]
[Footnote 14: F.B., vol. i, pp. 221-9. See Trans. of O.S., Hjaltalin and Goudie, App. pp. 203-212. See also St. Olaf's Saga, c. cix. See also generally Vigfusson's Prolegomena to Sturlunga Saga, Introduction, p. xcii, vol. i.]
[Footnote 15: The "scurvy Kalf" and "tree-bearded Thorir."]
[Footnote 16: O.S., ch. 6, 7.]
[Footnote 17: O.S., ch. 8, on Rinar's Hill. Tudor, O. and S., p. 364.]
[Footnote 18: O.S., ch. 80. But see Heimskringla, Saga Library, i, 96 and St. Olaf's Saga, ch. cv and cvii.]
[Footnote 19: See Blackwood's Magazine, April 1920; an able and interesting article intituled A Branch of the Family, by J. Storer Clouston.]
[Footnote 20: F.B., ch. 183, 184.]
[Footnote 21: Tudor, Orkney and Shetland, p. 336.]
[Footnote 22: Torf. Orc., p. 25, "facile de alieno largientis."]
[Footnote 23: F.B., 115. O.P., 783. F.B., 186. O.S., 10, 11. O.S., 8. Skene, Celtic Scotland, i, 374-9.]
[Footnote 24: Dalrymple, Collections, p. 99.]
[Footnote 25: Viking Society, Orkney and Shetland Folk, 1914, p. 5.]
[Footnote 26: O.P., (Canisbay), vol. ii, 794, 816.]
[Footnote 27: O.S., 11.]
[Footnote 28: B.N., c. 85.]
[Footnote 29: O.S., 12. F.B., 187. The F.B. makes the scene of this battle Skitten Moor.]
[Footnote 30: F.B., 187.]
[Footnote 31: Thorgisl, I, 4. (Orig. Islandicae, ii, p. 635.) In The Old Statistical Account (Tongue) there is a tradition of such a fight on Eilean nan Gall at the entrance to the Bay of Tongue, then in Caithness.]
[Footnote 32: p. 23.]
[Footnote 33: See Sir Wm. Fraser's Book of Sutherland, and Pedigree in Appendix. There is a Craig Amlaiph (Olaf) above Torboll and Cambusmore (both in Cat) near the Mound in Sudrland. There were no Thanes of the De Moravia line in Sutherland.]
[Footnote 34: See The Pictish Nation and Church, pp. 129-32, and 341.]
[Footnote 35: See Darratha-liod, published by the Viking Club, 1910.]
[Footnote 36: Burnt Njal, c. 151.]
[Footnote 37: Iceland accepted Christianity by a vote of its Thing in 1000 A.D. "Blood" often fell in Iceland; after a volcanic eruption, rain was tinged with red.]
[Footnote 38: Tudor, O. and S., p. 20.]
[Footnote 39: Rods used for dividing and pressing downwards.]
[Footnote 40: See Scandinavian Britain (Collingwood), p. 256-7, where Mr. Gilbert Goudie's Antiquities of Shetland is referred to.]
CHAPTER IV.
[Footnote 1: Reg. Morav., p. xxiv, and Charter No. 264, p. 342.]
[Footnote 2: Dunbar, Scottish Kings, pp. 4-7.]
[Footnote 3: Some authorities hold that Macbeth was the son of a sister of Malcolm. His property was probably in Ross and Cromarty. See also Rhys' Celtic Britain, p. 196.]
[Footnote 4: Skuli was first Earl of Caithness, which then included Sutherland, see ante, but he was Norse.]
[Footnote 5: O.S., 16.]
[Footnote 6: Trithing—the same word as Riding in Yorkshire, one-third. See Scot. Hist. Review, Oct. 1918. J. Storer Clouston. Ulfreksfirth is Larne Bay.]
[Footnote 7: O.S., 17, 18.]
[Footnote 8: O.S., 20, 21, and St. Olaf's Saga, cix.]
[Footnote 9: O.S., 22.]
[Footnote 10: O.S., 22. See Corpus Poeticum Boreale, vol. ii, pp. 180-3, 195 and notes.]
[Footnote 11: O.S., 22. Dunbar, Scottish Kings, p. 15 and note 22. The Standing Stane was removed to Altyre about 1820. See Romilly Allen, Early Christian Monuments of Scotland, p. 136, "removed from the College field at the village of Roseisle."]
[Footnote 12: O.S., 22.]
[Footnote 13: O.S., 22, 23.]
[Footnote 14: Robertson, Early Kings, vol. i, p. 116 and note, 116 and 117.]
[Footnote 15: O.S., 23, 24, 25, 26. St. Olaf's Saga, c. cviii, ccxlv.]
[Footnote 16: O.S., 27. These raids are unknown to English historians.]
[Footnote 17: O.S., 30.]
[Footnote 18: O.S., 31.]
[Footnote 19: O.S., 33, 34. See Tudor's Orkney and Shetland, p. 356. "Roland's Geo" is at the N. end of Papa Stronsay.]
[Footnote 20: "Christ Church" in the Sagas denotes a Cathedral Church.]
[Footnote 21: O.S., 37. See Chronicles of the Picts and Scots (Skene), p. 78.]
[Footnote 22: O.S., 13-39.]
[Footnote 23: Pope, Torf. (Trans.), p. 62 note. See Genealogie of the Earles, p. 135.]
CHAPTER V.
[Footnote 1: Short Magnus Saga, I. O.S., 37.]
[Footnote 2: O.S., 38.]
[Footnote 3: See Orkney and Shetland Folk (Viking Society, 1914), A.W. Johnston's note, p. 35. See Dunbar's Scottish Kings, p. 7.]
[Footnote 4: See Dalrymple's Collections (1705), p. 153 for the date of Malcolm's marriage with St. Margaret, p. 157, where he puts the marriage in 1070, after three years' courtship. See also pp. 163 and 164. Sir Archibald Dunbar puts Ingibjorg's marriage in 1059, as stated above, and if Thorfinn was an Earl from his birth in 1008, he would have been 50 years earl in 1058. As a king's grandson he might well have been an earl from his birth.]
[Footnote 5: Rolls Edition O.S., p. 45, c. 30. She must have died before 1068 when Malcolm Canmore married Margaret, daughter of Edward Atheling, sister of Edgar Atheling. Dunbar, Scottish Kings, p. 27. Was Ingibjorg's marriage within the prohibited degrees, and so dissolved? See also Henderson, Norse Influence, &c., p. 25-26, which is not correct. Earl Orm married Sigrid, d. of Finn Arneson not Ingibjorg. See Table ix, Saga Library, vol. 6, Earls of Ladir, and Table xi.]
[Footnote 6: The O.S. mentions only Duncan. The other sons seem doubtful. But see Dunbar, Scottish Kings, p. 31 and notes, and p. 38.]
[Footnote 7: O.S., 40.]
[Footnote 8: As to the Bishop, see Orkney and Shetland Records, pp. 3-8; and as to their quarrels, see O.S., 40.; Magnus Saga the Longer, 6 and 8. For St. Magnus, see Pinkerton's Lives of the Scottish Saints, revised by W.M. Metcalfe (Paisley, Alexander Gardner, 1889), p. xlii, and pp. 213-266.]
[Footnote 9: So called because he wore the kilt, in its original form, not the philabeg.]
[Footnote 10: Magnus Saga, 10, 11 and 20. The story of this time is confused and difficult. Torfaeus, trans., p. 85 and Torfaeus Orcades, c. xviii. From c. 20 of Magnus Saga the Longer it is clear that Hakon in 1112 took Paul's share of Caithness also and Magnus took Erlend's share, and that they divided that earldom and lands.]
[Footnote 11: O.S., 45.]
[Footnote 12: Magnus Saga the Longer, c. 10 to 28. O.S., c. 46 to 55. There is little doubt but that Magnus was the Scottish candidate for Caithness, and Hakon the Norse favourite, and Hakon had to conquer Cat.]
[Footnote 13: Who was Dufnjal? What does "firnari en broethrungr" mean? Who was Duncan the Earl? Possibly the Norse expression means half first cousin, and if Dufnjal was Earl Duncan's son, the relationship was through Malcolm III, and Dufnjal was a son of King Duncan II, called "Duncan the Earl," of whom, however, the O.S. and Longer Magnus Saga say nothing in this connection. But see Henderson, Norse Influence, &c., p. 26 contra.]
[Footnote 14: Paplay, Thora's home, was probably in Firth Parish in mainland, near Finstown. Short Magnus Saga, c. 18, not "twenty," but twenty-one years after his death. See O.S., c. 60. But vide Tudor O. and S., pp. 251-2 and 348. See also Anderson's Introduction, p. xc, to Hjaltalin and Goudie's O.S. contra.]
[Footnote 15: Viking Club Miscellany, vol. i, pp. 43-65 (J. Stefansson), but the authorship is disputed.]
[Footnote 16: O.S., 47]
[Footnote 17: O.S., 48. Both Hakon and Magnus were about five-sixths Norse.]
[Footnote 18: O.S., c. 55; Magnus Saga, 30.]
[Footnote 19: O.S., 56.]
[Footnote 20: See Reg. Dunfermelyn, No. 1 and 23 (p. 14); Lawrie, Scot. Charters, pp. 100, 179; Viking Club, Caithness and Sutherland Records, p. 18, the note to which seems correct. "The Earl" was Ragnvald, who ruled as Harold's guardian at this time, in Caithness also. Durnach is now Dornoch.]
[Footnote 21: Reg. Dunfermelyn, No. 24 (p. 14). Supposed to be the Huchterhinche of St. Gilbert's Charter to the Cathedral of Durnach. Sutherland Book, iii, p. 4.]
[Footnote 22: Dunbar, Scot. Kings, pp. 51, 60, 61, 63. The name is spelt "Fretheskin" also.]
[Footnote 23: Possibly 1120.]
[Footnote 24: See History and Antiq. of the Parish of Uphall by the Rev. J. Primrose (1898).]
[Footnote 25: Family of Kilravoch, p. 61. Robertson, Early Kings, ii, 497, note.]
[Footnote 26: See Familie of Innes (Spalding Club), pp. 2. 51, 52.]
[Footnote 27: Sutherland Book, vol. I, p. 7, and see map of Cat.]
[Footnote 28: See Pedigree in Appendix. Reg. Morav., c. 99, p. 114. Freskyn I was his attavus, or great-great-grandfather.]
[Footnote 29: Reg. Morav. p. 139, ch. 126.]
CHAPTER VI.
[Footnote 1: O.S., 57, 58.]
[Footnote 2: O.S., 56, 57.]
[Footnote 3: O.S., 58.]
[Footnote 4: O.S., 58.]
[Footnote 5: Pope, Torfaeus (trans.), note p. 133.]
[Footnote 6: Can she have inhabited the Broch at Feranach, which had six chambers in the thickness of the wall, (Curle's Inventory, No. 314), or is the site of her homestead (probably of wood) now undiscoverable? She was burnt in her homestead, not in her residence. The Saga account points to a site on the west bank of the river.]
[Footnote 7: O.S., 58.]
[Footnote 8: O.S., 59.]
[Footnote 9: O.S., 61, 62, 63, 65, c.f. the modern phrase "a young hopeful."]
[Footnote 10: O.S., 66.]
[Footnote 11: O.S., 68.]
[Footnote 12: O.S., 69, 70, 71, 72, 73-80.]
[Footnote 13: See Tudor, Orkney and Shetland, pp. 35 and 375.]
[Footnote 14: See note to Hjaltalin and Goudie O.S., p. 107, where Atjokl's-bakki is suggested as an emendation, and also p. 115.]
[Footnote 15: Maiming made a Northman impossible.]
[Footnote 16: O.S., 81.]
[Footnote 17: O.S., 81.]
[Footnote 18: O.S., 82.]
[Footnote 19: Guides would be easily got from Elgin. For the MacHeths, constantly fled to the wilds of Cat for refuge, before, in 1210 or later, they settled there, getting land in Durness after 1263.]
[Footnote 20: i.e. The Minch. It is said that he was the ancestor of the Macaulays of the Lewis, but Macaulay means son of Olaf, not of Olvir.]
[Footnote 21: O.S., 88. Earl Waltheof must have been a neighbour of Freskyn in Moray.]
[Footnote 22: O.S., 86.]
[Footnote 23: O.S., 89. Ragnvald's verses are collected in Corpus Poet Boreale, vol. ii, pp. 276-7. See Tudor, O. and S. p., 471.]
[Footnote 24: Whence the English expression "bound" for a destination by sea, i.e. "equipped," which is also a Norse word which has nothing to do with the Latin "equus" a horse.]
[Footnote 25: O.S., 91. Bilbao=the sea-borg on the River Nervion, not Narbonne, see Rolls Ed., p. 163, note, and Introduction, p. lix.]
[Footnote 26: O.S., 89-99.]
[Footnote 27: O.S., 99 and 100.]
[Footnote 28: He was grandson of Hacon Paulson, a grandson of Thorfinn, and he was also a grandson of Helga, Moddan's daughter.]
[Footnote 29: O.S., 100.]
[Footnote 30: See Tudor, O. and S., p. 344.]
[Footnote 31: O.S., 101. Who this Erlend the Young was is unknown, but he can hardly have been Jarl Erlend Haraldson, Margret's nephew. Dasent, Rolls Edit., trans., p. xi. Tudor, O. and S., p. 445.]
[Footnote 32: O.S., 102. Ingigerd would thus be born not later than 1136. She is possibly the "Ingigerthr, of women the most beautiful" in the Runes of Maeshowe.]
[Footnote 33: O.S., 102, not "from Beruvik," but "from the bridal" (brudkaupi) probably.]
[Footnote 34: This may be another headland. Brimsness is suggested. O.P., ii, 801, contra.]
[Footnote 35: O.S., 103, 104.]
[Footnote 36: O.S., 105. See as to Ellar-holm (Helliar-holm) Tudor, O. and S., 283.]
[Footnote 37: O.S., 110, 111.]
[Footnote 38: O.S., 111.]
[Footnote 39: Curle, Early Mon. Suthd., p. 108 No. 316; and note that the horns of the elk or reindeer have been found in Sutherland. See Proceedings of Scot. Antiq., viii, p. 186; and ix, p. 324.]
[Footnote 40: Thorsdale is the valley of the Thurso River. Calfdale is the Calder Valley.]
[Footnote 41: Force; possibly Forsie, or some waterfall said to be near Achavarn on Loch Calder at the S.E. end of it. Halvard is in the Flatey Book called Hoskuld. O.P., ii, 761, at a ruin of a castle, Tulloch-hoogie.]
[Footnote 42: O.S., 112, 113. "Ergin" is the plural of airidh, airidhean or "sheilings."]
[Footnote 43: Torfaeus. Lib. 1, c. 36, sub. fin., with Papal authority (sed quaere).]
[Footnote 44: Ingibiorg or Elin possibly married Gilchrist, Earl of Angus, as his second wife. But as to this the Sagas are silent.]
[Footnote 45: O.S., 113. See O.S., Dasent trans., p. 225. Hakon Saga, 169, Rolls edition.]
CHAPTER VII.
[Footnote 1: O.S., 114. There is a Mac William Earl of Caithness on record in 1129. Seats Peerage (Paul).]
[Footnote 2: O.S., 81. O.S., Dasent trans., p. 225.]
[Footnote 3: O.S., 115-118.]
[Footnote 4: Torf. Orc., p. 153. He declined to come and fetch her.]
[Footnote 5: O.S. Addenda, p. 225. Rolls edition, trans.]
[Footnote 6: Sverri Saga, 90-93.]
[Footnote 7: Scottish Peerage, vol. viii, p. 318 sqq.]
[Footnote 8: Quoted by Nisbet, Heraldry, App. p. 183, and Dalrymple's Collections, 1705, pp. 66-7 "quas terras pater suus Friskin tenuit tempore regis David." Felix, Bishop of Moray, who is a witness to it, was appointed in 1162 and died not later than 1171. As to David's visit to Duffus, see Chron. Mailros, 74.]
[Footnote 9: Shaw's Moray, Edit. 1775, p. 75, "several sons." Reg. Morav. p. 10, and Nos. 12, 13, 19. See Records of the Monastery of Kinloss, p. 112 and Reg. Morav., p. 456 "W. filius Frisekin. Hugo filius ejus." Lohworuora—see Lawrie, Early Scottish Charters, pp. 185-6 and 429-30.]
[Footnote 10: See Lawrie Annals, p. 389 and Chron. Mailros, p, 113. See Records of Kinloss, p. 113, "Andreas filius Willelmi Fresekin."]
[Footnote 11: Reg. Morav., No. 1 charter of Skelbo to Gilbert. Hugo grants it "Testibus Willielmo fratre meo, Andrea fratre meo." See also Reg. Morav., p. 43, No. 40, rector of St. Peter's, Duffus, and No. 119, p. 131.]
[Footnote 12: Shaw's Moray, edit. 1775, p. 75, and note ante, and p. 407, No. xxviii, "Willelmi filii Willelmi filii Freskini."]
[Footnote 13: Paul, Scot. Peerage (Sutherland), quotes Reg. Mag. Sigil. Augt. 1452.]
[Footnote 14: See Robertson's Index, p. xix. O.P., ii, p. 543.]
[Footnote 15: O.P. II, ii, 655. Acta Parl. Scot., 1, p. 606, Robertson's Index, p. xxiv.]
[Footnote 16: Sutherland Book, vol. iii, p. 1. It may have been hoped that Gilbert would succeed the maimed Bishop John, Reg. Morav. p. xxxiii, note.]
[Footnote 17: Sutherland Book, vol. iii, p. 2. The tenure was thus by Scottish service of these lands, and so also of Sutherland itself. It was no grant for religious or charitable purposes.]
[Footnote 18: Reg. Morav. xxxv, a late marginal note.]
[Footnote 19: Lawrie, Early Scot. Charters, pp. 185 and 430, note, which puts the date at 1147-1150. Children, however, did witness charters, and Hugo attests last.]
[Footnote 20: O.P., ii, 486. Reg. Morav., xxxv, note q. Nos. 259, 215, 216; and O.P. ii, 482; and as to Freskin's succession, see No. 99 Reg. Morav., p. 113.]
[Footnote 21: Reg. Morav. xiii, and No. 211.]
[Footnote 22: See Early Pedigree of the Freskyns at the end of this book. See Reg. Morav., p. 89 (No. 80) and p. 133 (No. 121).]
[Footnote 23: This may have happened a year earlier.]
[Footnote 24: Skene, Celtic Scotland, vol. i, p. 470, quotes Will. Newburgh Chron., b. 1, c. xxiv. Malcolm was personated by Wemund the monk of Furness. See Note pp. 48-9 of Viking Society's Year Book, vol. iv, 1911-2.]
[Footnote 25: Fordun, Annals 4. Mackay, Book of Mackay, p. 24.]
[Footnote 26: Robertson, Early Kings, vol. i, pp. 360-1. As to the name Macheth and Macbeth, see Scottish Hist. Rev. 1920-1. We believe the names to be distinct, not identical, Mackay being the son of Aedh, in Gaelic MacAoidh.]
[Footnote 27: Shaw's Moray, edit. 1775, p. 391, No. xiv. Innes says Berowald was no Fleming.]
[Footnote 28: See Viking Club's Year Book, iv, 1911-12, notes pp. 18-20.]
[Footnote 29: O.S. III. This may be a translation of Loch Glendhu.]
[Footnote 30: F.B., Addenda to O.S., trans. Dasent, Rolls edit.]
[Footnote 31: Charter of St. Gilbert's Cathedral. Sutherland Book, vol. iii, p. 3, No. 4. Robertson's Index, p. 16. Reg. Dunfermelyn, 7. See O.P. ii, p. 598. Dalrymple's Collections, p. 248.]
[Footnote 32: Sverri's Saga (Sephton, pp. 114 to 117), c. 90-93.]
[Footnote 33: O.P., 11, ii, pp. 598 and 735. Lib. Eccles. de Scon, p. 37, No. 58. Viking Club, Caithness and Sutherland Records, p. 2. (Chron. Mailros), Lawrie's Annals, p. 257. A penny per house for Peter's Pence was paid in his lifetime, Viking Club Records, p. 3, 4; O.P. says (p. 598) before 1181.]
[Footnote 34: The Sutherland Book quotes this opinion, vol. 1, p. 9, and Lord Hailes had special knowledge, see Annals of Scotland (Hailes), vol. 1, p. 148, anno 1222.]
[Footnote 35: O.P. Preface, p. xxi, and pp. 458 and 529; and 413-4.]
[Footnote 36: Scottish Kings, Dunbar, p, 80.]
[Footnote 37: Lib. Pluscard, xxxvi, 1197-8. Chron. Mailros, 1197.]
[Footnote 38: If it were true, as his son Hakon had died in 1171, it would prove the death of Henry of Ross, Harold's eldest son by his first marriage, before 1196. The grandsons would be sons of Harold's daughter.]
[Footnote 39: O.S. (Dasent trans.), p. 225. Torfaeus Orcades, i, c. 38.]
[Footnote 40: O.S. (Rolls Ed.), pp. 226-231. It was nearer, and close to Thurso.]
[Footnote 41: See Hoveden Chron., vol. iv, pp. 10-12, and Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, pp. 316-8. (Alan O. Anderson.)]
[Footnote 42: O.P. ii, 803.]
[Footnote 43: Dalharrold afterwards belonged to Johanna of Strathnaver. Reg. Morav., p. 139, No. 126. Pope, Torfaeus, trans., Note p. 169. This battle is also said to have been fought by William the Lion himself, not by Reginald Gudrodson.]
[Footnote 44: Only three are named, but six are afterwards referred to. For Pope Innocent's letter see O. and S. Records, vol. 1, p. 25.]
[Footnote 45: O.S., Dasent, Rolls edit., pp. 228-30. It is not clear that the bishop lived till 1213. See Two Ancient Records of the Bishopric, Bannatyne Club, pp. 6 and 7.]
[Footnote 46: He was there when Bishop Adam was murdered in that year.]
[Footnote 47: This is a very large number and hardly credible. It was not 6000. Can Eystein be the Island Stone, the Man of the Ord?]
[Footnote 48: Bain, Calendar of Documents, Nos. 321 and 324.]
[Footnote 49: O.S., Rolls edit., p. 230.]
[Footnote 50: Sverri Saga, 118, 119, 125.]
[Footnote 51: Lord Hailes' Addional Case of Elizabeth, claimant of the Earldom of Sutherland, p. 8, and see Robertson, Early Kings, vol. ii, p. 446; App. N. esp. p. 494.]
[Footnote 52: One of the Gordons of Garty in Sutherland.]
CHAPTER VIII.
[Footnote 1: See Peter Clauson Undal's Translation of the lost Inga Saga, O.S., Dasent's trans., Rolls ed., pp. 234-6, from which David and John appear as joint earls in Orkney and Shetland also, on payment of a large sum, only after King Sverri's death.]
[Footnote 2: O.S., Rolls edit., p. 231.]
[Footnote 3: Scotichronicon, VIII, clxxvi.]
[Footnote 4: Fordun Gesta Annal., xxviii, Lawrie Annals, p. 397, "circa festum S. Petri ad vincula", i.e., Augt. 1. 1214. There is no evidence whatever that her name was Matilda.]
[Footnote 5: Chron. Mailros, p. 114; Lawrie, p. 395.]
[Footnote 6: Hakon Saga, c. 20.]
[Footnote 7: Do. c. 45.]
[Footnote 8: Flatey Book; Rolls edit., O.S. p. 232. Breithivellir means Broadfield.]
[Footnote 9: At Skinnet first; then, in 1239, at Dornoch even more worthily and in state.]
[Footnote 10: Flatey Book; Rolls edit. O.S., p. 232.]
[Footnote 11: Province of Cat, p. 73; see Wyntoun Chron., vii, c. 9.]
[Footnote 12: See Robertson's Index, p. xxv.]
[Footnote 13: See Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, Alan O. Anderson, pp. 336-7, where the Chronicle of Melrose, 139, (1222) is quoted, Lib. Pluscard, vii, 9.]
[Footnote 14: Wyntoun Chron. vii, c. 9.]
[Footnote 15: Hakon Saga, c. 86.]
[Footnote 16: Do. c. 101. The Iceland Annals prove Harald's drowning.]
[Footnote 17: Hakon Saga, c. 162, 165 and 167.]
[Footnote 18: Snaekollr means Snowball. Being largely of Norse blood, he was probably a fair Viking.]
[Footnote 19: Hakon Saga, 169.]
[Footnote 20: See Tudor's Orkney and Shetland, p. 344 and p. 53, and Hakon Saga, 169-171.]
[Footnote 21: Hakon Saga, 173.]
[Footnote 22: Not gydinga. Flatey Book, iii, p. 528; Torf. Orc., ii, p. 163.]
[Footnote 23: Pope, Torfaeus (trans.), p. 184, note.]
[Footnote 24: No. 126.]
CHAPTER IX.
[Footnote 1: One daughter married Olaf, who was killed at Floruvagr in battle in 1194, see O.S., Rolls edit., pp. 230-1 (trans.) Dasent.]
[Footnote 2: Notably in Paul's Scottish Peerage sub Angus and Caithness.]
[Footnote 3: Ancestor of the Ogilvies, Earls of Airlie.]
[Footnote 4: Scots Peerage (Cokayne & Gibbs), sub Angus and Caithness. Dalrymple, Collections, p. 220.]
[Footnote 5: Reg. Aberbrothoc, pp. 163 and 262, 1227, Jan. 16, "Magno filio comitis de Anegus."]
[Footnote 6: Robertson, Early Kings, vol. ii, p. 23 (note), who quotes Reg. Dunfermelyn, No. 80, Reg. Morav. 110; Lib. Holyrood, 58, in support.]
[Footnote 7: Shaw, Moray, 1775, p. 387, No. iv.]
[Footnote 8: i.e., Malcolm's.]
[Footnote 9: Surely an error for "Gilchrist."]
[Footnote 10: See Dalrymple's Collections, 1705, pp. lxxiii-iv, where "North Caithness" is distinguished from Sutherland conjecturally. Probably, however, it was distinguished rather from the southern part of modern Caithness, viz. Latheron and Wick parishes.]
[Footnote 11: This was William de Federeth II, son of Christian, not her husband of the same name.]
[Footnote 12: This was Sir Reginald Cheyne III.]
[Footnote 13: "Gilchrist" not "Gillebride" all through this quotation.]
[Footnote 14: Gilchrist, however, died in 1204.]
[Footnote 15: Not, we think, of Erlend, but of Paul. But South Caithness probably belonged to the Erlend share, i.e., Latheron and Wick parishes.]
[Footnote 16: Sutherland Book, vol. 1, p. 12, note.]
[Footnote 17: Robertson's Index, p. 62.]
[Footnote 18: Reg. Morav., p. 341. O.P., vol. ii, 709.]
[Footnote 19: Can the Mallard or Mallart be Abhainn na mala airde, "the river of the high brow"? Another interpretation, Abhain na malairte, "river of the excambion" has been suggested.]
[Footnote 20: Achness—Ach-an-eas or the field of the waterfall, old Gaelic Achanedes.]
[Footnote 21: Marriages, however, of persons of unsuitable ages were freely made in these old times.]
[Footnote 22: Norse jarldoms were not given to females, but the jarldom of Orkney was, failing sons, given to the sons of daughters of preceding jarls, such as Ragnvald, son of Gunnhild, and Harald Ungi, son of Jarl Ragnvald's daughter.]
[Footnote 23: Reg. Morav., 215, 216; O.P., vol. ii, p. 486.]
[Footnote 24: O.P., ii, p. 482. Euphamia or Eufemia is a Ross family name for centuries. Reg. Morav., p. 333.]
[Footnote 25: Bain, vol. 1, year 1258-9.]
[Footnote 26: St. Andrew's, pp. 346 and 347; and for the charter see Reg. Morav., p. 138.]
[Footnote 27: Reg. Morav., p. xxxvi. We do not lay stress upon this argument from the endowment of two chaplains; but it may import that Freskin died a violent death, unshriven.]
[Footnote 28: We can, however, trace many parts of "Lord" Chen's lands. For they are called the lands of "Lord" Chen in the descriptions in later charters quoted in Origines Parochiales, vol. ii, pp. 745 Reay, 749 Thurso, 760 Halkirk, 764 Latheron, 774 Wick, 787-8 Olrig, 790 Dunnet, and 814 Canisbay. His lands in all these parishes were of considerable extent. They included probably the whole modern estate of Langwell and most of the parish of Latheron, and Wick up to Keiss Bay and beyond Ackergill and Riess. In Watten they comprised Lynegar, Dunn, Bilbster, and others: in Halkirk Parish, Sibster, Leurary, Gerston, Baillecaik, Scots Calder, North Calder, and Banniskirk; in Reay Parish, Lybster, Borrowstoun, Forss, and part of Skaill and Brawlbin: in Thurso, Clairdon, Murkle, Sordale, Amster, Ormelie and the Thurso fishings; in Dunnet Parish, Rattar, Haland, Hollandmaik, Corsbach, Ham, and Swiney; while in Canisbay Parish, Brabstermyre, Duncansby, and Sleiklie belonged to Lord Chen. But neither "Lord" Chen nor Johanna ever owned Brawl, the principal seat of the Earls of Caithness; and the Earls of the Angus line had the rest, mainly in Canisbay, Bower, and the northern part of Wick parishes. Johanna did not own any of the Chen lands in the Earldom of South Caithness, which Reginald Chen III acquired after 1340, i.e. the parishes of Latheron and Wick. She probably owned the old parish of Far and Halkirk but not Latheron, though this is erroneously implied in the text.]
CHAPTER X.
[Footnote 1: Reg. Morav., pp. 88, 89, 99, 101, 333. Knighted 1215, was earl in 1226, founded the Abbey of Fearn before 1230, died about 1251.]
[Footnote 2: Robertson's Index, p. xxi.]
[Footnote 3: Hakon Saga, 245 and 307.]
[Footnote 4: Genealogie of the Earles, p. 30, and Sutherland Book, vol. ii, p. 3 No. 4; O.P., ii, 647 note. This is not the Cross now standing. See Macfarlane, Geog. Collections, vol. ii, pp. 450 and 467, where it is called Ri-crois. The story that Dornoch took its name from the slaying of this Chief with the leg of a horse is quite unfounded, for the name Durnach appears in a charter about a hundred years earlier, and has nothing to do with a "horse's hoof." Its derivation and meaning are alike obscure. Chalmers, Caledonia, v, p. 192, gives to Dornock in Dumfriesshire the derivation "Dur-nochd" or the "bare" or "naked water." Its situation is like that of Dornoch, with a wide expanse of tidal sands.]
[Footnote 5: Sutherland Book, vol. iii, p. 3, No. 4. See also Two Ancient Records of Caithness, Bannatyne Club. The bishop himself was a Canon.]
[Footnote 6: Genealogie of the Earles, pp. 6 and 31; O.P., ii, 601.]
[Footnote 7: Liber Eccles. de Scon, p. 45, No. 73. Viking Club, Sutherland and Caithness Records, No. 8, pp. 12 and 13.]
[Footnote 8: O.P., ii, p. 603. As regards the marriage of Iye Mor Mackay to the daughter of Walter de Baltroddi (Bishop), see Book of Mackay, p. 37.]
[Footnote 9: Hakon Saga, 312, 314.]
[Footnote 10: Do. 317.]
[Footnote 11: Sutherland Book, vol. 1, p. 15. Genealogie of the Earls, p. 33.]
[Footnote 12: Hakon Saga, 319.]
[Footnote 13: Hakon Saga, 318. As to the hostages and their expenses see Compot. Camer. 1-31. From additions to Hakon's Saga, Rolls edition, it appears that Caithness was also fined and an army sent there by the king of Scotland with a view to the conquest of Orkney.]
[Footnote 14: Hakon Saga, 319. The calculation was made by Sir David Brewster.]
[Footnote 15: Also called Port Droman. Possibly Hals-eyar-vik = neck-island-bay.]
[Footnote 16: Hakon Saga, 318.]
[Footnote 17: Hakon Saga, 327.]
[Footnote 18: There is a tradition that Hakon slaughtered cattle on Lechvuaies, a rock in Loch Erriboll.]
[Footnote 19: Hakon Saga, 328-331. Goafiord—Eilean Hoan at the entrance to Loch Erriboll still retains the name.]
[Footnote 20: See Tudor, Orkney and Shetland, p. 307. What happened to Earl Magnus III, who in July 1263 had been obliged to join his overlord, King Hakon, and sail with him from Bergen? The Orkneymen were far from Norway, but dangerously close to Scotland. Their jarl had large possessions in Caithness, which he feared to lose if he made war on the Scottish king. Magnus therefore "stayed behind" in Orkney, and never went to Largs, but probably went to the Scottish king. Caithness first suffered from levies of cattle and provisions at the hands of Hakon, and afterwards from fines levied and hostages taken by the Scottish King, who sent an army, no doubt under the Chens and Federeths and others, to threaten Orkney and hold Caithness and levy the fine. Dugald, king of the Sudreys, intercepted the fine, and disappeared. Orkney had a Norse garrison, and the Scottish army never went to Orkney, Magnus was reconciled to Alexander III, and after the Treaty of Perth, in 1267, was reconciled also to King Magnus of Norway, on terms that he should hold Orkney of him and his successors, but that Shetland should remain a direct appanage of the Norse Crown, as it had been ever since Harold Maddadson's punishment in 1195. (See Munch's History of Norway; and Torfaeus Orcades, p. 172; and King Magnus Saga, Rolls edition of Hakon's Saga, pp. 374-7).]
CHAPTER XI.
[Footnote 1: Scandinavian Britain, p. 62. To Orkney and Shetland they came mainly from the fjords north of Bergen.]
[Footnote 2: Oxford Essays, 1858, p. 165, Dasent, an admirable account of the Norsemen in Iceland.]
[Footnote 3: Hume Brown, History, ante.]
[Footnote 4: Scandinavian Britain, p. 35.]
[Footnote 5: See Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland (Henderson), passim; and Sutherland and the Reay Country, (Rev. Adam Gunn), chapter on "Language," p. 172.]
[Footnote 6: Viking Club, Old Lore Miscell., vol. ii, 213; vol. iii, 14, 182, 234.]
[Footnote 7: See Burnt Njal, (Dasent) for a plan and elevation of a Skali. Skelpick may be Skaill-beg, or Little Hall.]
[Footnote 8: Ruins of Saga-time (in Iceland) by Thorsteinn Erlingson, David Nutt (1899).]
[Footnote 9: See his Essay with plans in the Saga Book of the Viking Club, vol. iii, pp. 174-216.]
[Footnote 10: i.e. Broadfield; see O.S., Rolls edition, p. 232, formerly Brathwell.]
[Footnote 11: Mousa in Shetland was twice so used, by two honeymoon pairs. See Tudor, O. and S., p. 481.]
[Footnote 12: O.P., vol. ii, 758.]
[Footnote 13: O.S., 84, 100 and 22; 58, 78, 100, 101, 102, 113, and pp. 226, 227, 228, in Rolls edition. Hjalmundal is the strath, not the village of Helmsdale.]
[Footnote 14: We find in Latheron in Caithness "Golsary" the shieling of Gol. Platagall, see O.P., ii, p. 680.]
[Footnote 15: The bodily form often follows that of fathers of a fair race, it is said.]
[Footnote 16: See p. 21.]
[Footnote 17: Frontispiece to vol. 1 of Du Chaillu's Viking Age.]
[Footnote 18: See Scotland in Early Christian Times, Dr. Joseph Anderson's Rhind Lectures in 1879, pp. 141-2; Scandinavian Britain, p. 29.]
[Footnote 19: Saga of Erik the Red and St. Olaf's Saga. See Orig. Islandicae, vol. ii, Bk. v, pp. 588-756 "Explorers."]
[Footnote 20: Yet see the Romance of Guillaume le Roi, Chroniques Anglo-Normandes, vol. iii, Francisque Michel.]
[Footnote 21: As witness the Seaforths (Sae-fjorthr) of the 51st Division in France.]
[Footnote 22: Vol. 1, p. 45. See also Burton's History of Scotland, vol. i, chapter xi, and vol. ii, pp. 14 and 15.]
APPENDIX.
EARLY PEDIGREE OF THE FRESKYNS.
FRESKYN I
of Strabrock and Duffus, b. about 1100, was granted Duffus about 1130; entertained David I in 1150 there; died between 1166 and 1171. . + . (1)William MacFrisgyn, Grantee of (2)Hugo Fresechin witnessed the Strabrock, Duffus, &c., "quas Charter of Lohworuora Church terras pater suus Friskin tenuit (Borthwick) to Herbert, Bishop tempore regis David," 1165-1171. of Glasgow before 1152, (Hug. Witnessed Charter of Innes to filio Fresechin). Berowald the Fleming about 1160. . + -+ . (1)Hugo Freskyn of Sutherland, (2)William filius Willelmi filii (3)Andrew, father was William, son Freskin, who calls Hugo his parson of Freskin, died before 1214. lord and brother, was Lord of of Petty, Bracholie, Boharm Duffus. and Artildol: d. before 1226. + -. + + . (1)William dominus (2)Walter de Moravia (3)Andrew, Bishop Walter de Sutherlandiae, b. ? d. before 20th of Moray. Moravia de filius et heres March 1248, of Duffus Petty, quondam Hugonis, buried there guardian cr. first Earl with his father of King after 1237, died Hugo 'beatus,' m. Alexander 1248. Euphamia, d. of Ferchar III and Macintagart, his Earl of Ross, circa Queen, 1224. 1255 William, 2nd Earl Freskinus II, who had a "proavus et Walter dominus of Sutherland, attavus" in Moray and was nepos de Bothwell, 1248-1307. (grandson) Hugonis, m. Lady Johanna m.d. of John of Strathnaver. He was born (?) Cumyn, d. circa about 1225, Lord of Duffus by 1248, 1294. d. 1262-3 (Ch. 99 Reg. Morav.) . + . . + . . -+ . William, Kenneth, (1)Mary of (2)Christian, William, Andrew. Third Fourth Duffus, William d.s.p. Earl of Earl of m. Federeth I. Sutherland, Sutherland, Reginald 1307-1327. 1327-1333, fell Chen II. + at Halidon Hill. . + . -. -+ . + Reginald Chen III William de Sir Andrew John of "Morar na Shein" Federeth II Bothwell, Abercairney. had half Caithness, granted one Wardane of one quarter by quarter of Scotland, grant. Caithness d. 1338. to Reginald Chen III. . + -. + . . William Nicolas m. Mary Marjory Fifth Earl of of of m. 1 Sir John Sutherland, Torboll Duffus Douglas 1333. m. 2 Sir John Keith of Whence the Inverugie Duffus Family and Peerage. (For rest of (For rest of pedigree pedigree see see Sutherland book.) Sutherland Book.) Andrew Keith of Inverugie.
NOTE.—William MacFrisgyn is said by Shaw in his History of Moray, 1775 edit., p. 75, to have had several sons, viz.:—Hugo of Sutherland, (2) Sir John (whence the Atholl family), (3) William of Petty, (4) Sir John of Moray (whence Abercairney), (5) Andrew, Bishop of Moray, (6) Gilbert, Bishop of Caithness, and (7) Richard of Culbin: sed quaere.
INDEX.
Aberbrothock.
Aberdeen; bishopric; invaded.
Aberdeenshire; why no brochs?
Achavarn.
Achness.
Acre.
Adam, earl of Angus.
Adam, bishop of Caithness; buried.
Adamnan.
Aethelfrith.
Afreka, dau. of earl of Fife, m. Earl Harold Maddadson, their children; divorced by Harold.
Agricola, Tacitus.
Alane, thane of Sutherland.
Alban; its provinces; common language; ravaged by Irish Danes; wars of kings of A. against Northmen; Moray stretched across A.; Caithness.
Alcluyd (Dunbarton).
Alexander I.
Alexander II cr. Wm. Freskyn earl of Sutherland; punished burners of Bishop Adam; confiscated half Caithness; grant of earldom of south Caithness to Magnus, earl of Angus; Magnus II, or Malcolm witness to charter; succession to throne; revolt of Donald Ban MacWilliam; Argyll conquered; Caithness subdued (1222); rebellions in Moray and Galloway; embassy to Norway; open letter for Scone; died.
Alexander III; m. Margaret, dau. of Henry III; his only child, Margaret; embassy to Norway; conquered Isle of Man and Hebrides.
Altyre, Standing Stane of Duffus removed to.
America, Norsemen discovered; heard of by Jean Cabot in Iceland.
Amlaiph (Olaf) Craig.
Anderson, Alan O.; Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers.
Anderson, Joseph, 11; O.S. trans.; Scotland in Pagan Times, q.v.; Scotland in Early Christian Times, q.v.
Andres Nicholas' son.
Andres, son of Sweyn.
Andrew, Bishop of Caithness, had grant of Hoctor Common; Culdean monk; abbot of Dunkeld; died at Dunfermline; a witness.
Andrews, St., bishopric founded; Roger, bishop of.
Anglo-Normandes, Chroniques, (F. Michel).
Angus, earls of (see also under names), Gillebride; Adam, son of Gillebride; Gilchrist, son of Gillebride, and father of Magnus II, earl of Orkney and Caith., Duncan, son of Gilchrist; Malcolm, earl of Caithness and Angus; Matilda, countess of, dau. of Malcolm; Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of A., husband of Matilda, Gilbert d'Umphraville, son of Matilda. Pedigree.
Angus, son of Gillebride, earl of Angus.
Anlaf, or Olaf, earl in C.
Applecross, in Ross, lay abbots.
Archibald, bishop of Moray.
Ardovyr (Gael., upper water), identified as Loch Coire and Mallard River, i.e., "Abhain 'a Mhail Aird" of Ord. Map, part of Johanna's estate in Strathnaver.
Argyll; St. Columba landed from Ulster; Scots king; Dalriadic territory; known as Airergaithel; Galgaels; Somerled of; conquered by king Alexr.
Arnfinn Thorfinnson, earl, m. Ragnhild, Eric's dau.
Arnkell Torf-Einarson, earl, slain in England.
Artildol.
Asgrim's Ergin, now Assary.
Asleif, mother of Sweyn.
Asleifarvik (now Old-shore, also called Port Droman).
Assynt; included in Creich (q.v.); Store Point.
Athelstan.
Atholl (Atjokl); Ath-Fodla, a Pictish province; Picts absorbed by Scots; earls of; Sweyn Asleifarson visits; earl Paul died; bishop John.
Atholl, earls of; Maddad, m. Margret dau. of Hakon; earl of A., in 1236, burned to death; earls descended from Freskyn.
Aud the deeply wise, in Caith., settled in Iceland.
Audhild, dau. of Thorleif, mistress of Sigurd Slembi-diakn; m. Eric Streita; her son, Eric Stagbrellir; Johanna of Strathnaver, a connection.
Audna, or Edna, dau. of Kiarval, m. Hlodver, jarl.
Backies, Norse derivation.
Bakke, in place-names.
Baltroddi, Walter de, bishop of C.
Bard, next of kin of Ulf the Bad, Orkney.
Barelegs, nickname of king Magnus, because he wore the kilt.
Barr, St., of Dornoch; his Fair in Dornoch; old church of St. Barr; site.
Barth, or Bard, Helgi's son, and St. Barr.
Beauly, estate of Bissets.
Beauly Firth; site of Redcastle on.
Ben-y-griams.
Bergen, St. Ragnvald returned to, from Grimsby; John, earl of Caithness, present at; earl John left his son as hostage; king Hakon buried in Christchurch; k. Hakon and earl Magnus III sailed from.
Berowald the Fleming (Innes q.v.), had grant in Moray.
Berridale conveyed by Malise II, earl, to Reginald More, afterwards acquired by Chens.
Beruvik, misreading of.
Berwick, North, raided by Sweyn.
Bethoc, eld. dau. of Malcolm II, m. Crinan; grandmother of earl Moddan.
Bilbao, Spain; Nervion.
Birrenswark, near Ecclefechan, was Brunanburg.
Birsay, Orkney, earl Thorfinn's Hall; cathedral built by Thorfinn; but replaced by St. Magnus' Cathedral.
Bisset, a Norman family; at Beauly.
Bjarni, bishop of Orkney, probable author of Orkneyinga Saga; his parents; relative of Sweyn; at Bergen.
Blood-eagle.
Blood-rain in Iceland.
Blundus, Gaufrid, burgess of Inverness.
Boar, wild, in Cat.
Boece.
Boreale, Corpus Poeticum.
Borrobol.
Borve, rock-castle.
Bothgowanan, or Pitgavenny.
Bothwell, family of, descended from Freskyn.
Bothwell, Sir Andrew of.
Boun, whence Eng. bound, i.e., equipped.
Bracholy.
Brawl, formerly Brathwell (Breithivellir), Castle; deriv.
Breithifjorthr, i.e., Broad-firth, Moray Firth.
Bressay Sound.
Brewster, Sir David.
Brian Borumha, king of Ireland.
Brichan, Jas.; Orig. Paroch. Scot..
Bricius, bishop.
Brochs, or Pictish towers; Roman relics found in; date, number, distribution, rise, construction, &c.; Norse place-names near brochs; at Dunrobin; used by Norse as dwellings; Craig Carrill, Roman tablets found; Skene on origin of; at Feranach.
Broethrungr, firnari en, first cousin once removed.
Broxburn, (Strabrock).
Brunanburgh, site.
Brusi Sigurdson, earl.
Buchan, earl of.
Burghead, Turfness of Saga; Norse raids from B. checked by Duffus.
Burnt Njal, Saga of; transl. by Sir G.W. Dasent.
Cabot, Jean, in Iceland.
Cailleach (Carline) Stone in Kyleakin.
Cait, or Cat, Pictish province of, (now Caithness and Sutherland, q.v.), in three parts, (1) Ness, (2) Strathnavern, and (3) Sudrland; description of land; unsuitable for trees in Ness; west uninhabited in Viking times; deer, etc., abounded; Athelstan's naval demonstration; held by earls of Orkney; Duncan the maormor; Picts and Norse; map; Pictish clergy driven from north-east by Norse; land and people on arrival of Norse.
Cat, maormors of; Duncan, or Dungall; Moldan or Moddan.
Caithness (Ness), part of the ancient province of Cat, q.v.; Norse occupied fertile parts; ancient monuments; writing; Orkneyinga Saga only record before 12th cent.; earlier notices and later records; earldom claimed by Sigurd Hlodverson; Skuli Thorfinnson cr. earl; C. people in Iceland; sea battle between Ulf and Helgi; Moddan, earl of C.; his expedition to; Norse earls; Thorfinn returns to, after Scottish conquests; "king of Catanesse," in "William the Wanderer"; St. Magnus; seized by earl Hakon; earl Magnus favoured in; earldom conferred on Ragnvald Gudrodson; much of owned by Moddan's family; Norse steadily lost hold on C.; Norse driven outward and eastward; bishopric founded; bishop Andrew; Norse earls; family of Freskyn de Moravia; earldom of David I; robberies by Sweyn; Malcolm IV granted half earldom to Erlend Haraldson; red deer and reindeer hunting; rebellions; bishop's litigation with earls of Sutherland; Innes family; earldom held of Scottish crown; diocese and cathedral; bishop Andrew; first conquest by King William; subdued by King William; earl Ragnvald's half conferred on Harald Ungi; earl Harold slew earl Harald Ungi; Caithness given to Ragnvald Gudrodson; who defeated earl Harold at Dalharrold; Ragnvald's stewards left in charge, their fate; the lawman; Ragnvald bought earldom; extent of earl Harold's earldom; Scottish policy in the north; old Norse earldom broken up; services of Freskyn family; extent of earldom of earl David; the burning of bishop Adam; thingstead and lawman; the earldom; succession to earldom; subjected by king Alexr. II, 1222; king Hakon's fine; escaped attack by Hakon; Scottish subjection of Norse; Norse adopted Gaelic; Norse place-names; Norse type still in evidence; Normans, Cheynes, Oliphants and St. Clairs; inheritance of Erlend lands by Normans; inhabitants a blend of Gael and Norse.
Caithness, church in; bishopric founded; cathedral at Halkirk, at Dornoch; bishop's palace at Thurso; constitution of diocese; records; bishops: Andrew; John; Adam; Gilbert; William; Walter de Baltroddi.
Caithness, earldom of; in the 14th cent. a moiety in the Angus earls and the Chen family; South Caithness granted to earl Magnus II; Brawl, a capital residence of the earls in C.; devolution of earldom and tribal owners; North and South divisions; hostages taken by Scotland after Largs; paid a fine to king Hakon.
Caithness, earls of; Thorfinn Sigurdson, first Scottish earl; Skuli cr. earl by Scots king; Moddan cr. earl by Scots king; Crichton and Sinclair earls; earl's office descended to females; Norse and tribal land-owners; Scottish policy in regard to succession in C.
Caithness and Sutherland Records, Viking Society.
Caithness, Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the County of.
Caithness, Prehistoric Remains of, (S. Laing and T.H. Huxley).
Calder, Loch.
Calder Valley, Calfdale of Saga.
Caledonia, (G. Chalmers).
Caledonians, Annals of the, (Ritson).
Caledonians inhabited the Grampians; Romans failed to conquer; Roman wars effected union of; St. Ninian, Christian mission, through Roman influence.
Cantyre.
Carham; victory of Malcolm II.
Cat, Province of, (Angus Mackay).
Ce, the province Keith, or Mar.
Celtic Britain, (Rhys).
Celtic Scotland, (W.F. Skene); on succession to Caithness; Sir W. Fraser's criticism.
Celts, non-seafaring; Norse influence; Gall-gaels; influence of Norse on Gaelic, and of Gael on Norse; "P" and "Q" Celts; kilted warriors of Norse extraction.
Celts, Survival of Beliefs among the, (George Henderson).
Chen, or Cheyne, family in Caithness; descendants of Johanna of Strathnaver; family lands.
Chen II, Reginald; signatory of National Bond with Wales; father of Reginald Chen III; m. Mary, dau. of Freskin and Johanna of Strathnaver, got one-fourth of Caithness; had regrant of Strathnaver lands; Kerrow-na-Shein.
Chen III, Reginald, known as "Morar na Shein," acquired Berridale in south Caithness from Malise II; owned a moiety of earldom of Caith., lived in parish of Halkirk; grandson of Johanna; Kerrow-na-Shein; his estate; acquired south Caithness lands after 1340; acquired Christian (Freskyn's) fourth; lands.
Christ Church, Norse name for a cathedral.
Christ Church, Bergen; king Hakon buried.
Christ's Kirk, Birsay; burial of St. Magnus.
Christian I, king of Norway; mortgaged Orkney and Shetland to Scotland.
Christiania Fjord, or the Vik.
Church; Pictish, Columban and Catholic; Norse influence.
Clairdon, near Thurso; earl Harald Ungi defeated; where Lifolf Baldpate fell.
Clibreck (Clibr'), part of Johanna's estate.
Clon, in Ross, granted by earl of Ross to Walter de Moravia.
Clontarf, the battle of.
Clouston, J. Storer; A Branch of the Family; Orkney trithing.
Clyne.
Cobbie Row, ruins of the castle of Kolbein Hruga, in Wyre.
Coire, Loch; lands probably held by Moddan family.
Coire-na-fearn, (Cornefern) Strathnavern; part of Johanna's estate.
Collingwood, W.G., on Thorfinn as "king of Catanesse."; see Scandinavian Britain, transl. William the Wanderer.
Columba, St.; Adamnan's Life of; mission to Picts, settlement in Iona; clergy removed to Dunkeld; relics removed; patron saint of Scot and Pict; his cult and culture destroyed by Norse.
Columban settlements of hermits and missionaries; Columban church; replaced by Catholic.
Columbus; discovered America long after Norsemen.
Comyn, Alexr.; see Buchan, earl of.
Comyn, John, m. Matilda heiress of Malcolm, earl of Angus.
Comyn, Walter; earl of Menteith.
Constantine I; viking raids.
Constantine II; Norse seize C. and S.
Constantine III; Danish attacks.
Constantinople (Micklegarth).
Coracles, Pictish boats.
Cortachy, advowson of.
Craig Carrill Broch; Roman tablets found.
Crakaig, crooked bay, now drained.
Creich, owned by Hugo Freskyn; including Assynt; granted by Hugo Freskyn to Gilbert while archdeacon of Moray.
Crinan, Abthane of Dunkeld, m. Bethoc, dau. of Malcolm II.
Croc Skardie; (?) Sigurd's Howe.
Cromarty; northern Suter of; Norse place-names; Macbeth's property.
Cruithne and his seven sons.
Curle, A.O.; early monuments of Caith. and Sutherland.
Cyderhall, see Sigurd's Howe.
Dale, Dalar or Dalr, C.; earl Skuli slain; home of Moddan.
Dalharrold, on River Naver; belonged to Johanna.
Dalriadic kingdom.
Dalrymple's Collections, on divorce; on earl Magnus II.
Damsey; earl Erlend killed.
Danes; Irish Danes.
Darratha-Liod.
Dasent, Sir G.W.; transl. Orkneyinga Saga, q.v.; Oxford Essays, q.v.; Saga of Burnt Njal, q.v.
David I, king of Scotland; church organisation; earldom of Caithness held of him; his tutor John, bishop of Glasgow; visited by Sweyn Asleifarson; introduced feudal barons and charters; at Duffus Castle; by education a Norman knight.
David II.
David Haraldson, earl of Orkney and Caith.; did not have earl Ragnvald's share of Caith. earldom; succeeded to a reduced territory; sole earl of Orkney; joint earl with earl John; death.
Dawey (Dalvey).
Death in bed, a reproach among Norse.
Deer; earls Ragnvald and Harald hunted red deer and reindeer in Caithness; red deer abounded in Cat.
Deerness, Mull of; sea-fight between Thorfinn and Duncan I; king Hakon's fleet passed.
Deerstalking, days of, Scrope.
De Moravia, see under Freskyn.
Dingwall; southern limit of Norse.
Dirlot, or Dilred, in Strathmore, C.
Dolfin, son of Maldred.
Dollar; Scots defeated by Danes.
Donada, dau. of Malcolm II, m. Finnleac.
Donald, supposed son of Malcolm III.
Donald Bane, claimant to Scottish crown.
Donald Ban MacWilliam; claimant of Scottish crown; his son Guthred slain; descended from Ingibjorg, widow of Thorfinn and Malcolm Canmore.
Dornoch (Durnach); supposed dedication of Cathedral; monks to be protected; owned by Hugo Freskyn; in earldom of Caithness; cathedral of St. Barr; excluded from earldom of earl David; part granted by Hugo Freskyn to Gilbert; Embo near D., Norse defeated; existed in Norse times; Durnach; cathedral lands; bishop Adam buried in; traditional origin of name.
Dornock, Dumfriesshire, deriv.
Dorruthar.
Dougal of the Isles, in Orkney; joined Hakon's expedition.
Douglas, family of.
Dovyr, tofftys de; part of Johanna's estate; from Gael. for water, identified as River and Loch Naver.
Draughts; played by St. Ragnvald.
Dublin; Sweyn killed at.
Dufeyra.
Duffus; near Burghead or Turfness; castle built by Freskyn de Moravia; estates owned by Hugo Freskyn; Freskyn, lord of; estate succeeded to by Walter Freskyn; church; William MacFrisgyn second lord of; chapel of St. Lawrence; Freskyn's fortress checked Norse raids; king David's visit; rector of St. Peter's.
Dufnjal.
Dugald, king of Sudreys; intercepted the Scotch fine on C.
D'Umphraville, Gilbert—earl of Angus; m. Matilda, countess of Angus.
D'Umphraville, Gilbert—earl of Angus; son of Matilda.
Dunadd.
Dunbar, Sir Archibald; Scottish Kings, q.v.
Dunbarton, Dun-bretan, fort of the Britons.
Duncan I; parentage; Karl Hundason; at North Berwick; defeated by earl Thorfinn off Deerness; and at Turfness; his death and age; created Moddan, his sister's son, earl of Caithness.
Duncan II, king of Scotland; son of Malcolm and Ingibjorg.
Duncan, earl; father of Dufnjal.
Duncan, earl of Angus.
Duncan, maormor of Duncansby; m. Groa; his dau. Grelaud.
Duncan, earl of Fife; dau. Afreka m. Harald Maddadson.
Duncansby or Dungallsby.
Dundas, Sir David.
Dunfermelyn, Reg.
Dunfermline; Bishop Andrew a Culdean monk of.
Dungal's Noep, C.; battle.
Dunkeld; clergy of Iona removed to, eccl. capital for Scots and Picts; capital of southern Picts; bishopric founded; Andrew, bishop of Caith., abbot of.
Dunnet Head.
Dunrobin; glen; charter room; Robert, legendary 2nd earl of Sutherland, founder (?); MS. of Constitution of diocese; Norse derivation.
Dunskaith, Castle of.
Dunstable, Annals of.
Durness (Dyrness); clan Mackay; in old earldom of Caithness; Asleifarvik, anchorage of Hakon's fleet; raided by Norse in retreat from Largs; Seanachaistel, chaistel; MacHeth settlement.
Egilsay; martyrdom of St. Magnus; bishop John from Athole visited.
Einar Oily-tongue; slew Havard jarl.
Eindridi; wrecked off Shetland; sailed with earl Ragnvald to the East; his treachery; and desertion.
Ekkjal, Norse name of Oykel.
Ekkjals-bakki; southern limit of conquest of earl Sigurd I; indentification disputed; earl Paul's journey to Athole; in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark; Atjokl's bakki.
Eclipse of sun in Orkney, Augt. 5th, 1263.
Eddirdovir, castle of, at Redcastle.
Eddrachilles.
Edgar, claimant to Scottish crown.
Einar Sigurdson, earl; his slaughter.
Elgin; cathedral, built by Andrew, bishop of Moray; records; Johanna granted lands in Strathnaver for the cathedral; constitution of diocese based on Lincoln; guides for Sweyn.
Elin, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir; at home near Loch Naver; she, or sister, m. Gilchrist, earl of Angus, and was mother of Magnus II, earl of Caithness.
Elk; abounded in Cat; horns found.
Ellarholm.
Ellwick (Ellidarvik).
Embo, near Dornoch; Norse defeated and their "prince" slain, to whom the Ri-Crois erected.
Erde-houses, of Pictish times.
Erg (Gaelic, airigh), a sheiling, Norse, setr; pl. ergin, sheilings, in Asgrim's Ergin.
Eric bloody-axe.
Erik the Red, Saga of.
Eric Stagbrellir, son of Audhild, brought up in Kildonan by Frakark; sole male survivor of Moddan line; m. Ingigerd, dau. of earl St. Ragnvald, united the Erlend and Moddan estates; tried to reconcile earls Ragnvald and Harold; probably got earl Ottar's lands on the death of earl Erlend; viking raid to Hebrides and Scilly Isles; his son Harald Ungi made earl of Orkney and Caithness (excluding Sutherland); his son, Ragnvald; line represented by Snaekoll Gunni's son.
Eric Streita; husband of Audhild, dau. of Thorleif.
Erlend Haraldson, earl of Orkney and Caith.; heir of earl Ottar; granted half earldom of Caith.; granted half earldom of Orkney; supported by Sweyn; in Shetland; slain; last of male line of Thorfinn Sigurdson; nearest heir, Ragnvald Gudrodson, king of Man; grandson of Hakon Paulson; not Erlend Ungi.
Erlend Torf-Einarson, earl; slain in England.
Erlend Thorfinnson; joint earl of Orkney and Caith. with his brother Paul; at battle of Stamford Bridge; banished to Norway where he died; his descendants; his line of heirs; Scottish policy as to succession; Snaekoll Gunni's son, chief of line; Skene's theory; the converse theory that Magnus of Angus m. the nameless dau. of earl John, through whom he got the title, and Paul's lands; his share of earldom of Caithness; inherited by Johanna of Strathnaver; his line (excepting Harald Ungi) excluded from Orkney during rule of earl Harold, David and John; succession to Erlend lands in C.
Erlend Ungi; eloped with Margret, mother of earl Harold Maddadson, to Mousa Broch; reconciled to earl Harold, with whom he went to Norway; not earl Erlend.
Erling Erlendson; in Norwegian expedition to Wales; probably killed in Ireland.
Erling Ivar's son; in Hakon's expedition; in raid on Dyrnes.
Erlingson, Thorsteinn; Ruins of Saga-time in Iceland, (Viking Society, extra series).
Ermengarde, queen.
Erriboll, Loch; the Goafiord, or Hoanfiord, Hakon's fleet in; Lochvuaies.
Euphemia, wife of Walter Freskin de Moravia of Duffus, dau. of Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart, earl of Ross.
Evelix, River;
Eystein, king of Norway; seized earl Harold Maddadson; invaded Aberdeen.
Eysteinsdal, or Ousedale, near the Ord of Caithness; to which king William marched against earl Harold
Eyvind Urarhorn.
Fair Isle;
Faroes; Picts.
Farr; old parish was Johanna's estate in Strathnaver; Borve Castle.
Federeth I (Fedrett), William de; m. Christian, dau. of Freskin and Johanna, and got one fourth of Caithness; Caithness lands.
Federeth II, William de; son of W.F. and Christian Freskin, sold his fourth of C. to Sir Reginald Chen III.
Felix, bishop of Moray; witness.
Feranach, Broch at; Frakark's residence (?).
Fernebuchlyn.
Feudalism; introduced into Scotland by Alexander I and David I.
Fib (Fife).
Fidach (Moray).
Fife; conquests by earl Thorfinn.
Finleac or Finlay MacRuari, maormor of Moray; fought earl Sigurd at Skidamyre; m. dau. of Malcolm II.
Finn Arnason, father of Ingibjorg; and of Sigrid.
Firth par., Orkney; Paplay, Thora's residence.
Flandrensis, not applied to Freskin de Moravia.
Flatey Book; Thorstein the Red; earls of Orkney; story of Barth; continuation of Orkneyinga Saga; earl Ragnvald's half of Caith. earldom; extent of Harold's later earldom; battle of Skitten.
Fleet, Loch; no longer reaches to Pittentrail.
Floruvoe, Floruvagr; battle in 1135; battle in 1194.
Fordun; rebellion in Moray; earl John's hostage dau.; Annals.
Forfar.
Forsie, Force of Saga.
Fortrenn; Menteith.
Fotla, Ath-Fodla; Athol.
Frakark, or Frakok, dau. of Moddan; m. Liot Nidingr; earl Harald Slettmali with her in N. Kildonan; banished from Orkney, went to her homesteads in Sutherland; earl Ragnvald seeks her aid; burnt alive; Freskyn I her contemporary; Johanna of Strathnaver a connection; her residence.
Fraser, or Fresel, of Beauly.
Fraser, Sir William; genealogy of Freskyn family; on Johanna of Strathnaver; The Sutherland Book, q.v.
Freskyn de Moravia, and family; the family the mainstay of Scottish rule in the north; superintended building of Kinloss Abbey; ancestor of earls of Sutherland; built Duffus Castle; not a Fleming; a Pict or Scot, and ancestor of families of Athole, Bothwell, Sutherland and probably Douglas; his family in Caith.; great-great-grandfather of Freskin the younger, husband of Johanna; two branches of family settled north of the Oykel; Freskyn, of Strabrock and Moray, its two branches in Sutherland and Caith.; founder of the family; entertained king David I at Duffus Castle; year of death; his two sons; father of William MacFriskyn, and Hugo the witness; derivation of name; revised pedigree; he and successors appointed guardians of Moray and Nairn; defended Moray against the Norse; the family introduced into Sutherland; no thanes of this line in Sutherland; name also spelt Fretheskin; his neighbour in Moray, earl Waltheof. (See Appendix, Pedigree.)
Freskin de Moravia, younger, lord of Duffus; eld. son of Sir Walter de Moravia; in Strathnaver and Caith.; m. Johanna of Strathnaver; his date fixed; by marriage became owner of lands in Strathnaver and of a moiety of earldom of Caith.; lineage; born in or after 1225, lord of Duffus by 1248; m. 1245-1250; nephew of William, earl of Sutherland; signatory to National Bond; d. 1260-1263; buried in church of Duffus; his maternal uncle, William MacFerchar, earl of Ross; possible violent death. (See Appendix, Pedigree.)
Freskyn, Andrew, son of Hugo F. of Sutherland; parson of Duffus, bishop of Moray.
Freskyn, Andrew, son of William son of Freskyn; parson of Duffus.
Freskin, Christian; dau. of Freskin younger and Johanna of Strathnaver, m. William de Fedrett, had one fourth of Caithness, which their son resigned to her sister's husband, Sir Reginald Chen III.
Freskyn, Hugo, son of Freskyn; the witness, uncle of Hugo de Moravia of Sutherland.
Freskyn, Hugo, eld. son of William MacFreskyn; his family settled north of the Oykel and owned Sutherland; northern boundary of his estate; ancestor of the de Moravias, or Murrays, of Sutherland; called "my lord" by his younger brother, William; his family; burial place; succession to Morayshire estates; grant of Sutherland; not earl; his lordship of Sutherland, excluded from earldom of Caithness as inherited by earl David; grant to Gilbert, archdeacon of Moray; of Strabrock, Duffus and Sutherland, father of Walter de Moravia of Duffus, whose son m. Johanna of Strathnaver; his eld. son, William; a witness.
Freskin, Mary; dau. of Freskin, younger, and Johanna of Strathnaver, m. Sir Reginald Chen II, had one fourth of Caithness.
Freskyn, Walter, de Moravia of Duffus; son of Hugo F. of Sutherland, succeeded to Strabrock and Duffus; his wife; known as Sir Walter de Moravia; of Duffus; his son, Freskin, m. Johanna of Strathnaver; grant of land in Clon from earl of Ross.
Freskyn, Walter, of Petty.
Freskyn (MacFreskyn), William, eld. son of Freskyn de Moravia; charter of Strabrock and other lands in Lothian and Moray; his sons; omitted in Sutherland Book; second lord of Duffus and Strabroc; his eldest son, Hugo of Sutherland.
Freskyn, William, dominus Sutherlandiae, first earl of Sutherland; eld. son of Hugo F.; de Sutherland; cr. earl of Sutherland: dominus Sutherlandiae from about 1214; uncle of Freskyn the younger; his lands bounded by those of Johanna on the north and east; was probably Johanna's guardian; cr. earl after 10th October 1237; repulsed a Norse invasion (?) at Embo; death.
N.B.—All these Freskyns' name was de Moravia, not Freskyn.—J.G.
Freskyn, William, of Petty, son of William son of Freskyn.
Freswick (now Bucholie) Castle, (Lambaborg).
Fretheskin, see Freskin.
Frida, dau. of Kolbein Hruga, m. Andres, son of Sweyn Asleifarson.
Furness; Wemund, monk of.
Gaedingar, too, 152 (n. 22).
Gaelic; superseded Pictish; in Sutherland full of Norse words; Psalms translated into by Gilbert, bishop; Gaelic blood crossed with Norse produced the Saga; Gaelic in Sutherland and Caithness included many Norse words; a trustworthy vehicle of Norse.
Gairsay; Sweyn's castle; robbed by earl Harald; Sweyn's life and large drinking hall.
Gall, Eilean nan; traditional combat.
Gall-gaels, or Gaelic strangers; mixed Gaelic-Norse; held sea from Lewis to Isle of Man; of Argyll.
Galloway; part of Valentia; subdued by earl Thorfinn; rebellion subdued; Roland of, defeated Donald Ban MacWilliam; rebellion put down by king Alexr. II.
Geographical Collections, (W. Macfarlane).
Gibbon, Gillebride or Gilbert, earl of Orkney and Caithness; son or brother of earl Magnus II; his dau. Matilda m. Malise, earl of Stratherne; d. 1256, succ. by son Magnus III.
Gilbert, alleged earl of Orkney.
Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of Angus, m. Matilda, countess of Angus.
Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of Angus; son of Matilda.
Gilbert de Moravia, archdeacon of Moray; grant of Skelbo, etc.; afterwards became bishop of C.; founded cathedral at Dornoch, in which he was buried.
Gilbert, son of Gillebride, earl of Angus, and uncle of Magnus, earl of Caithness.
Gilchrist, earl of Angus; m. as 2nd wife, Ingibiorg or Elin, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir; Skene's theory; converse theory; pedigree of Angus family; charter of south Caith. to his son Magnus; his death.
Gildas.
Gillebert, or Gillebryd, son of Angus.
Gillebride, earl of Angus; his sons; grandson (not son) Magnus II, earl of Orkney and Caith.; his death.
Gilli Odran.
Glasgow; John bishop of, mission to Orkney; Herbert, bishop of, grant of Borthwick Church.
Glendhu, Loch; identified as Murkfjord.
Goa-fiord, or Hoanfiord, (now Loch Erriboll); Hakon's fleet at; Eilean Hoan retains the name.
Gokstad; viking ship.
Golsary, the shelling of Gol, in Latheron, Caithness, cf. Golspie.
Golspie (formerly Kilmalie); owned by Hugo Freskyn; (Gol's-by) formerly Platagall.
Good men.
Gormflaith.
Gospatric, eld. son of Maldred.
Goudie, Gilbert; transl. Orkneyinga Saga; Antiquities of Shetland.
Grants, Normans.
Gratiana, wife of William the Wanderer.
Gray, Thomas; The Fatal Sisters.
Greenland.
Grelaud, dau. of Duncan, maormor of C.
Grimsby; St. Ragnvald traded at, met Harald Gillikrist.
Gritgard, son of Moldan.
Groa, dau. of Thorstein the Red, m. Duncan of Duncansby.
Groa, wife of Macbeth.
Gudrun, sister of Anlaf, earl of C.
Guillaume le Roi.
Gulberwick.
Gunn, in Darratha-Liod.
Gunn family; descent.
Gunn, Adam; Sutherland and the Reay Country.
Gunnhild, wife of Eric Bloody-axe, in Orkney.
Gunnhild, Erlend's daughter, sister of earl St. Magnus, m. Kol; her descendants.
Gunnhilda, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson and Hvarflod.
Gunni, brother of Sweyn Asleifarson; outlawed.
Gunni; m. (as 2nd husband) Ragnhild sister of earl Harald Ungi; probably grandson of Sweyn Asleifarson; became chief of Moddan family.
Guthorm Sigurdson, earl.
Guthred, son of Donald Ban MacWilliam; led rebellion in Moray and slain.
Hadrian's Wall.
Hafrsfjord; battle, (872).
Hailes, lord; on forfeiture of earl Harold Maddadson; Annals of Scotland, q.v.; case of Elizabeth claimant of earldom of Sutherland.
Hakon Hakonson, king of Norway; his mother's ordeal; expedition to Scotland; account of his expedition (1263); died in the bishop's palace, Kirkwall; result of expedition.
Hakon Sverri's son, king of Norway; his son Hakon.
Hakon Haroldson, son of Earl Harold Maddadson and Afreka; foster-child of Sweyn Asleifarson; probably fell with Sweyn at Dublin; with Sweyn; his death.
Hakon Paulson, earl; went to Norway; in Norwegian expedition to Wales; returned to Orkney; slew the king's steward; dispute with earl Magnus; slew his cousin Dufnjal, and Thorbjorn in Burrafirth; seized Magnus' share of earldom; slew St. Magnus; sole earl; pilgrimage to Rome and Jerusalem, builder of the round church of Orphir; Helga and their children; his son Paul by a lawful wife; his descendant Ragnvald Godrodson; Norse favourite for earldom of C., as against Magnus, had to conquer C.; mixed blood; his grandson Erlend.
Hakonar Saga; record until 13th cent.
Halfdan Halegg, or long-shanks; slain by Torf-Einar.
Halkirk; source of Thurso River in; Moddan lands; first cathedral of bishopric; bishop's house; residence of Chen family inherited from Johanna of Strathnaver; Johanna's estate; castle of Reginald Chen III; Spittal of St. Magnus.
Hall o' Side, Iceland.
Hallad Ragnvaldson, earl.
Halvard, an Icelander.
Halvard of Force; called Hoskuld also.
Halvard the Red.
Hanef, Norse commissioner; aids Snaekoll.
Harald, of N. Ronaldsay; slain by Ulf the Bad.
Harald Gillikrist; St. Ragnvald fought for him at Floruvoe.
Harold Godwinson, king of England, defeated Harald Hardrada.
Harald Hakonson Slettmali (smooth-talker), earl of Orkney and Caith.; son of earl Hakon and Helga; held Caithness; his death; his Moddan kinsmen.
Harald Sigurdson Hardrada, king of Norway; killed at Stamford Bridge.
Harald Harfagr; battle of Hafrsfjord, (872); subdued Orkney and Shetland which he erected into an earldom; cr. Torf-Einar earl of Orkney; second expedition to Orkney; imitated Charlemagne's feudalism.
Harald Jonson; son of John, earl of Caithness; left as hostage at Bergen; drowned, (1226).
Harold Maddadson, earl; son of Margret, Hakon's daughter and Maddad, earl of Atholl; earl St. Ragnvald ruled Caith. as his guardian; to Norway with earl Ragnvald; seized at Thurso by king Eystein; outlawed Gunni; conflict with earl Erlend Haraldson; reconciled to earl Ragnvald at Thurso; quarrels with Sweyn and robbed his house; annual deer hunt in Caith.; present at earl Ragnvald's slaughter; seized Ragnvald's share of earldom; became sole earl; contemporaries; forfeited in 1196; later rebellions and loss of lands; expedition to Ross and Moray; subdued by king William; imprisoned for failure to deliver hostages; deprived of Sutherland; earl Ragnvald's half of Caith. conferred on Harald Ungi; his grandsons; his heir, Thorfinn; fled to Isle of Man; defeated earl Harald Ungi; king William conferred Caith. on Ragnvald Gudrodson; defeated in Caithness by Ragnvald; had one of Ragnvald's stewards slain, mutilated the bishop, drove the stewards out; son Thorfinn mutilated and died in prison; king William marched with an army to Caith., and Harold ultimately came to terms; negotiated with king John of England; extent of his later earldom; deprived of Shetland; death; character and personal appearance; his two wives and descendants.
Harald Ungi; earl of Orkney and Caithness; his parents; heir of Moddan lands; fared to Norway; at home near Loch Naver; grant of half earldom of Orkney; grant of half of Caithness (exclusive of Sutherland); Invaded Orkney, defeated and slain in Caithness; line represented by Snaekoll Gunni's son; his share of earldom of Caithness never granted to the Paul line; probably held by Moddan line; pedigree ceases; sister m. earl of Angus; date of death; his half of Caithness earldom; his heirs, earl Magnus II and Johanna; succeeded to earldom through a female.
Haroldswick, Unst; said to have been called after king Harald.
Havard Thorfinnson, earl; m. Ragnhild, k. Eric's dau.
Hebrides (see also Sudreys); Vikings, subdued by king Harald Harfagr; Norse influence on Gaelic; under Norway; raided by Sweyn; Norse expedition against south H. assisted by earl John; king Alexander's naval expedition; king Alexr. II sent embassy to Norway to get cession of; harried by earl of Ross; king Hakon's expedition; Scottish expedition; ceded to Scotland; conquered by Alexander III; ceded by Norway to Scotland.
Heimskringla.
Helena, dau. of earl Harald Maddadson and Afreka.
Helga, dau. of Moddan; associated with Helgarie; concubine of earl Hakon; banished from Orkney; her grandson, earl Erlend.
Helga Ulfs-datter, Sanday, Orkney.
Helgarie, near Helmsdale.
Helgi, Harald's son, N. Ronaldsay, elopes with Helga Ulfsdatter.
Helgi Njal's son.
Helliar-holm, Ellar-holm.
Helmsdale; strath in Sutherland, Frakark; H. Water; Sorlinc; Hjalmundal, the strath, not village.
Henry I of England; visited by earl St. Magnus.
Henry II of England; wars in France,.
Henry III of England; his sister Joanna, m. Alexr. II of Scotland; his dau. Margaret m. Alexr. III of Scotland.
Henry III, emperor of Germany; earl Thorfinn's visit.
Henry, prince; son of king David I; witness.
Henry, son of Harold Maddadson by Afreka; claimed Ross; date of death.
Henry, bishop of Orkney; in whose palace, in Kirkwall, king Hakon died.
Herbjorg, 3rd dau. of earl Paul Thorfinnson.
Herbjorg, dau. of Sigrid; m. Kolbein Hruga.
Herborga, dau. of earl Harald Maddadson.
High Church (ha-kirkja), Halkirk.
Highlanders of Scotland (Skene).
Hill fort; Ben-y-griam Beg, Caithness.
Hjaltalin, Jon; transl. Orkneyinga Saga.
Hlodver Thorfinnson, earl; m. Audna.
Hoanfiord, or Goa-fiord, (Loch Erriboll); Hakon's fleet at; Eilean Hoan.
Hoctor Common; granted to bishop of C.
Hofn, Caithness; Hlodver's howe.
Holinshed.
Honaver.
Houses; Norse skali described.
House-burnings; earl Moddan's burning, in Thurso; Olaf Hrolfson, in Duncansby; Frakark, in Sutherland; earl Waltheof, in Moray.
Hoxa, South Ronaldsay; Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr buried.
Hrolf the Ganger.
Hrollaug Rognvaldsson.
Hrossey, now Mainland, Orkney.
Hundi (possibly Crinan).
Hundi Sigurdson.
Hut-circles of Pictish times.
Hvarflod, or Gormflaith, dau. of Malcolm MacHeth, m. earl Harold Maddadson. date of birth.
Iceland; Pictish mission; Aud's settlement; Hrollang Rognvaldsson settled; viking settlement; the skali described; Jean Cabot first heard of America in; Christianity accepted; blood-rain, ib., Norsemen in; ruins of Saga-time.
Icelandic Annals; earls of Orkney.
Inga Saga, transl.
Ingibjorg, Finn Arnason's daughter, m. earl Thorfinn Sigurdson; after Thorfinn's death m. Malcolm III; cousin of queen Thora of Norway; her descendant, Donald Ban MacWilliam.
Ingibiorg, daughter of earl Hakon and Helga; m. Olaf Billing; her grandson, Ragnvald Gudrodson, of Man.
Ingibiorg, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir; at home near Loch Naver; she or her sister m. Gilchrist, earl of Angus.
Ingirid or Ingigerthr, only dau. and child of earl Ragnvald, m. Eric Stagbrellir; her children; date of birth; probably the same Ingigerthr commemorated in Maeshowe runes.
Ingirid, sister of Kali (St. Ragnvald), m. Jon Peterson.
Ingirid, sister of Sweyn Asleifarson; m. Thorbiorn Klerk.
Inner-Schyn.
Innes, Familie of.
Innes family; Berowald the Fleming.
Innes, Cosmo; Orig. Par. Scot., q.v.; genealogy of Freskyn family.
Invernairn; sheriff.
Iona; St. Columba's settlement.
Ireland; Duncan I; Sweyn Asleifarson's raids.
Islandicae, Origines.
Ivar Rognvaldsson.
Jerusalem; pilgrimages to.
Joanna, queen of Alexander II, possibly name-mother of Johanna of Strathnaver; dau. of king John, and sister of king Henry II of England.
Johanna of Strathnaver, lady; m. Freskin de Moravia of Duffus; her estate; her father; relationship to Snaekoll Guuni's son; supposed dau. of earl John; Skene's theory that she inherited earl John's, i.e. earl Paul's, half of the earldom without the title; the opposite theory, that she inherited Erlend lands; Skene's opinion; her daughters; Skene's suggestion that she was the hostage dau. of earl John, and given in marriage to Freskin; Fraser's criticism of Skene; her grandson, Reginald Chen III, in possession of half of Caithness and resided in Halkirk and Latheron; granted land in Strathnaver to the bishop of Moray; her estate in Strathnaver; her connection with Moddan family and descent from Harald Ungi's sister Ragnhild; her inheritance of Moddan and Erlend lands; her right to half share of Harald Ungi's half share of Caithness earldom; her title to Strathnaver lands not derived through earl John; circumstantial evidence against her being a dau. of earl John, never claimed any share of earldom of Orkney; Skene's opinion that she was a dau. of earl John based on name Johanna; theory as to her being a dau. of Snaekoll, and, as such, heiress of large estates, made a ward by the king, whose queen was Johanna; her husband's lineage; suggested born by 1232 at latest, when her supposed father, Snaekoll, went to Norway, but not before 1225; possibility of her being a dau. of a younger child of Ragnhild and born later than 1225; her guardian; her lands bounded those of the lord of Sutherland; d. ca. 1269; her children and estates; succ. to Erlend and Moddan lands in C.; owned Dalharrold; she did not own any lands in south C., which were acquired by R. Chen III, i.e., Latheron and Wick; she probably owned Far and Halkirk, but not Latheron.
John, king of England.
John, king of the Sudreys.
John o' Groat's; Huna.
John, bishop of Caithness; mutilated by earl Harald; succeeded by Adam; neglect to collect Peter's Pence; date of death.
John, bishop (of Glasgow).
John Haroldson, earl of Orkney and Caithness; from whom Snaekoll Gunni's son claimed Ragnvald lands in Orkney; shared earldom with his brother, earl David; succeeded David as sole earl of Orkney and of Caithness; his dau. given as hostage; letters from earl Skuli; at Bergen; at the burning of bishop Adam; his castle at Brawl; confiscated; the lordship of Sutherland not in his earldom; visited Bergen; his hostage dau. his only heir; assisted Norse against Hebrides; favoured Norway; representative of line of Paul and Harold Maddadson; attacked and slain by Snaekoll; his supposed dau. Johanna; his nameless dau. m. Magnus of Angus; succession to earldom; theories as to his daughter's marriage; treaty with king William; lands confiscated and restored; the last male of the Paul line; Johanna's title not derived through him; his nameless dau. probably wife of earl Magnus II; reasons why Johanna was not his dau.; probably named after king John of England; his legal successor, his nameless dau.; sole earl of O.; his sister's son, Jon Langlifson, in 1263; succeeded in earldom of Orkney by Magnus II; his castle at Brawl; joint earl with David; Matilda not his daughter's name.
Jon Langlifson.
Jon Peterson, m. Ingirid, sister of St. Ragnvald.
Jury trial.
Kalf Arnason.
Kalf Skurfa.
Kali Ragnvald Kolson.
Kari Solmundarson.
Karl Hundason, name of Duncan I, in Saga.
Keith, or Mar; Ce, Pictish province.
Keiths.
Kenneth, k. of Scots.
Kentigern, or Mungo, St.
Kerrera, near Oban.
Kerrow-Garrow, (Eddrachilles).
Kerrow-na-Shein, i.e. Chen's quarter.
Kildonan; Frakark's homesteads; connection with Scone; owned by Hugo Freskyn; earl Ragnvald sends messengers to Frakark; part of lordship of Sutherland; old name Scir-Illigh.
Kildonan, North; earl Harald Slettmali brought up; Frakark burnt.
Kilmalie (now Golspie).
Kilravock (Rose).
Kinloss; Cistercian abbey.
Kinloss, Records.
Kirkwall; cathedral built; earl Ragnvald Brusi-son resided at; seized by earl Thorfinn; relics of St. Magnus removed to cathedral; king Hakon died in bishop's palace; St. Magnus' cathedral.
Kol.
Kolbein Hruga; m. Herbjorg; his castle in Wyre.
Kyleakin, or the Kyle of Hakon.
Lairg; owned Hugo Freskyn; in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark; in old earldom of Caithness.
Lambaborg (Freswick Castle).
Langdale (Langeval).
Langlif, dau. of earl Harold Maddadson; marriage with Saemund, abandoned; her son Jon.
Largs, battle of; earl Magnus III never went to L.
Larne Bay, Ulfreksfirth of Saga.
Latheron; Latheron hills, source of Thurso River; Moddan lands; residence of Chens in 14th cent.; in South C.; not owned by Johanna; Golsary.
Lawman; Rafn, of Caithness.
Lawrence, chapel of St.; at Duffus.
Lechvuaies.
Lewis, the; passed by Hakon's fleet; Macaulays of.
Lifolf Baldpate.
Ljot Thorfinnson, earl of Orkney and Caith., m. Ragnhild, Eric's dau.; slew Skuli in C.; fought earl Macbeth in C.; buried at Stenhouse in Watten, C..
Liot Nidingr, m. Frakark.
Little Ferry, or Unes; Norse invasion; site of Norse Castle.
Lohworuora, now Borthwick; church granted to bishop of Glasgow.
Loth; water of; owned by Hugo Freskyn.
Lothians, formed part of Valentia; Berenicians of.
MacBain, A.; on seven Pictish provinces. |
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