[42] Going back into Shakespeare's own life gives further illumination and foundation for Lady Macbeth's behavior in the sleep walking scene. The reader may already have secretly thought that those little tendernesses on the part of ordinary parents hardly enter into consideration in the case of a thane's daughter. It may be said in answer to this that Shakespeare often, as in the presentation of ancient scenes, put without scruple the environment of his own time in place of the historical setting. And according to the above he would be quite likely to utilize with Lady Macbeth recollections from the Stratford childhood.

It need not seem strange that I give a number of interpretations apparently so fundamentally different for one and the same thing. There is nothing on earth more complicated than psychic things, among which poetic creation belongs. Psychic phenomena are according to all experience never simply built up nor simply grounded but always brought together in manifold form. Whoever presses deeply into them discovers behind every psychic manifestation without exception an abundance of relationships and overdeterminations. We are accustomed in the natural sciences to simple motivation, on the one side cause, on the other effect. In the psychic life it is quite otherwise. Only a superficial psychology is satisfied with single causes. So manifold a chain of circumstances, those that lie near at hand and those more remotely connected, come into play in most, yes, apparently in all cases, that one scarcely has the right to assert that a psychic phenomenon has been completely explained. Dream analysis at once proves this. One can almost always rightfully take it for granted that several, indeed manifold interpretations are correct. It is best to think of a stratified structure. In the most superficial layer lies the most obvious explanation, in the second a somewhat more hidden one, and in yet deeper strata broader and more remote relationships and all have their part more or less in the manifested phenomenon. This latter is more or less well motivated.

We now turn back to Shakespeare and observe the great depression under which he labored just at the time when he created his greatest tragedies. Does it seem too presumptuous to conceive that one so shaken and dejected psychically should have slept badly and even possibly—we know so little of his life—walked in his sleep? The poet always hastened to repress[43] whatever personal revelations threatened to press through too plainly, as we know from many proofs. The poverty of motivation quite unusual with Shakespeare, just at the critical point of the sleep walking, seems to me to score for such a repression. We might perhaps say that the fact that the poet has introduced to such slight extent the wandering of Lady Macbeth, has given it so little connection with what went before, is due simply to this, that all sorts of most personal relationships were too much involved to allow him to be more explicit. See how Lady Macbeth comforted Macbeth directly after the frightful deed, the king and father murder:

"Consider it not so deeply. . . . . . . . . . These deeds must not be thought After these ways; so, it will make us mad."

[43] Otto Rank in his book, "Das Inzest-Motiv in Dichtung und Sage," furnishes a beautiful and convincing example of such repression: It comes from a second drama based on a king's murder, "Julius Csar." I quote from the author's words: "A heightened significance and at the same time an incontrovertible conclusiveness is given to our whole conception and interpretation of the son relationship of Brutus to Csar by the circumstance that in the historical source, which Shakespeare evidently used and which he followed almost word for word, namely in Plutarch, it is shown that Csar considered Brutus his illegitimate son. In this sense Csar's outcry, which has become a catch-word, may be understood, which he may have uttered again and again when he saw Brutus pressing upon his body with drawn sword, 'And you too my son Brutus?' With Shakespeare the wounded Csar merely calls out, 'Et tu Brute! Then fall, Csar!' Shakespeare has set aside this son relationship of Brutus to Csar, though doubtless known to the poet, in his working out of the traditional sources. Not only is there deep psychic ground for the modifications to which the poet subjects the historical and traditional circumstances and characters or the conceptions of his predecessor, but also for the omissions from the sources. These originate from the repressive tendency toward the exposure of impulses which work painfully and which are restrained as a result of the repression, and this was doubtless the case with Shakespeare in regard to his strongly affective father complex." Rank has in the same work demonstrated that this father complex runs through all of Shakespeare's dramatic work, from his first work, "Titus Andronicus," down to his very last tragedy. I cannot go into detail on this important point for my task here is merely to explain Lady Macbeth's sleep walking, but any one who is interested may find overwhelming abundance of evidence in Rank's book on incest (Chapter6). It is not only that I have introduced Shakespeare's strong father complex here to make comprehensible Lady Macbeth's sleep walking, but his own chief complex stood affectively in the foreground, and was worked out, at the same time, as Macbeth.

This must have referred to Shakespeare as much as to his hero. Moreover the writing and sealing of the letter at the beginning of the sleep walking described by the lady in waiting seems as if Lady Macbeth had a secret, a confession to make—in the name of the poet. I think also at the end, when the everlasting brooding over her deed drives her to suicide, she dies as a substitute for her intellectual creator, for his own self punishment.[44]

[44] I also recall that it is in fact she who expresses Duncan's character as father, "Had he not so resembled my father...."

There remain yet only one or two points to be touched upon and explained. No discussion is needed for the fact that an outspoken sadistic nature in Lady Macbeth leads her to walk in her sleep, indeed, disposes her to it. We can easily understand also that this breaks forth just at the moment when her husband sets out, that is, translated into the infantile, when Macbeth, or in the deeper layer her own father, dies. It is much more necessary to explain why immediately after the deed she has no scruples in staining the chamberlains with Duncan's blood and takes the affair so lightly, while later she is never rid of the fear of the blood and is always striving in vain to wash her hands clean. Here it must be again recalled that Lady Macbeth on the one hand represents the actual wife of Macbeth, on the other hand the poet himself and in two epochs of his life; Shakespeare first in his unrestrained striving and then when he is brought low, shaken in his very depths by the death of his father. Murder phantasies toward his father came to him as a boy and then as a youth at the beginning of puberty, and yet at neither time was he ill. The more mature man however, borne down more heavily by life, met by the actual death of his father, broke down under the weight of things. This explains in the last analysis the change in the attitude of Lady Macbeth.

I do not know how far the reader is willing to follow me. Yet one thing I believe I have proved, that also in Lady Macbeth's sleep walking the erotic is not wanting nor the regression into the infantile.



CONCLUSION AND RSUM

If now at the close of this book we bring together all our material, we may with certainty or with the highest probability speak of sleep walking and moon walking as follows:

1. Sleep walking under or without the influence of the moon represents a motor outbreak of the unconscious and serves, like the dream, the fulfilment of secret, forbidden wishes, first of the present, behind which however infantile wishes regularly hide. Both prove themselves in all the cases analyzed more or less completely as of a sexual erotic nature.

2. Those wishes also which present themselves without disguise are mostly of the same nature. The leading wish may be claimed to be that the sleep walker, male or female, would climb into bed with the loved object as in childhood, which both the folk and the poet well know. The love object need not belong necessarily to the present, it can much more likely be one of earliest childhood.

3. Not infrequently the sleep walker identifies himself with the beloved person, sometimes even puts on his clothes, linen or outer garments, or imitates his manner to the life.

4. Sleep walking can also have an infantile prototype, when the child pretends to be asleep in order that it may be able, without fear of punishment, to experience all sorts of forbidden things, that is of a sexual nature, because it cannot be held accountable for that which it does "unconsciously, in its sleep." The same motive of not being held accountable actuates the adult sleep walker, who will satisfy his sexual desires, yet without incurring guilt in so doing. The same cause works also psychically, when sleep walking occurs mostly in the very deepest sleep, even if organic causes are likewise responsible for it.

5. The motor outbreak during sleep, which drives one from rest in bed and results in sleep walking and wandering under the light of the moon, may be referred to this, that all sleep walkers exhibit a heightened muscular irritability and muscle erotic, the endogenous excitement of which can compensate for the giving up of the rest in bed. In accordance with this these phenomena are especially frequent in the offspring of alcoholics, epileptics, sadists and hysterics with preponderating involvement of the motor apparatus.

6. Sleep walking and moon walking are in themselves as little symptoms of hysteria as of epilepsy. Yet they are found frequently in conjunction with the former.

7. The influence of the moon in this moon affectivity is very little known, especially in its psychic overdetermination. Yet there is little doubt that the moon's light is reminiscent of the light in the hand of a beloved parent, who every night came in loving solicitude to assure himself or herself of the child's sleep. Nothing so promptly wakes the sleep walker as the calling of his name, which accords with his being spoken to as a child by the parent. Fixed gazing upon the planet also has probably an erotic coloring like the staring of the hypnotizer to secure hypnosis. Other psychic overdeterminations appear merely to fit individual cases. It is possible finally that there actually exists a special power of attraction in the moon, which may expressly force the moon walker out of his bed and entice him to longer walks, but on this point we have no scientific hypotheses.

8. Furthermore it seems possible that sleep walking and moon walking may be permanently cured through Freud's psychoanalytic method.

I know very well that this explanation which I give here, offers only the first beginning of an understanding. It will be the task of a future, which we hope is not too far distant, to comprehend fully these puzzling phenomena.



INDEX

"Aebel," ix, 45

Alcoholics, 137 descendants of, 25

Alcoholism, 1

Anorexia, hysteric, 76

Anxiety dreams, 41

Anzengruber, Ludwig, ix, 106

Audition, color, 91

Blood, 3, 15, 17, 20

Burdach, Karl Friedrich, 35

"Buschnovelle," 91

Buttocks, 7 moon as, 19

Cataleptic muscular rigidity, 25

Color audition, 74, 91

Compulsion, 6

Compulsive neurotic, 77, 91

Conception, Immaculate, 62, 73 unconscious, 62, 73

Concussion of the brain, 2

Consciousness, disturbances of, 32

Contractures, 25

Convulsion, hysterical, 85, 90

Convulsions, 25 muscular, 90

Convulsive attacks, 2, 7, 25

Cruelty, 25

Dream, Function of, x relationship between sleep-walking and, 21

Dreams, anxiety, 41 frightful, 7 of Gro, 61 terrifying, 25

Dysuria psychica, 27

Eclamptic attacks, 2

Enuresis nocturna, 2 pleasure in, 29

Enuretic, 1

Epilepsy, viii, 1, 138

Epileptics, 137 descendants of, 25

Eroticism, muscle, 63 urethral, 2 vaginal, 3

Erotic, muscle, 8, 25, 31, 42, 90, 137 nature, 23 urethral, 27

Exhibition, 22

Exhibitionism, 36

Exhibitionistic, 70

Folk belief, 62 interpretation, 82 mind, 24 tale, 81

Frenssen, Gustav, ix, 63

Freud, 104, 127, 130, 131

Freud's psychoanalytic method, 138

Ganghofer, Ludwig, ix, 40

Ghostly hour, 27, 81

Ghosts, belief in, 26

Hemoptysis, 3, 15, 20

Holinshed's "History of Scotland," 115

Homosexual, 2

Homosexuality, 20

Hypnosis, 138

Hypnotic fixation, 26 somnambulism, viii, 22

Hypnotism, love transference in, 26

Hypnotist, 23

Hypnotized subject, 23

Hysteria, viii, 33, 138

Hysteric, 30

Hysteric anorexia, 76

Hysterical cardiac distress, 27 convulsion, 85, 90 opisthotonos, 86 somnambulism, viii tendency, 91

Hysterics, 25, 75, 137

Immaculate conception, 62, 73

Infantile causes, 113 erotic, 71 regression, 136 sexuality, 21

"Interpretation of Dreams," 127, 130, 131

"Jrn Uhl," 63

Kleist, Heinrich von, ix, 46, 97

Krafft-Ebing, viii, 20, 25

"Lebensmagie, Wirklichkeit und Traum," 92

Libido, 23 repressed, 10

Ludwig, Otto, ix, 45, 72, 91

"Macbeth," 114

Macbeth, Lady, 114

"Maria," 72

Masochistic, sadistic, 7

Menstruation, 3, 15, 17, 30, 70

Michaelis, Sophus, ix, 45

Moonstruck, vii

Motor activities, 23 impulse, 70 overexcitability, 26 phenomena of dreams, viii, ix stimulability, 25

Mundt, Theodor, 92

Muscular activity, 31, 70 convulsions, 90 excitability, 63, 90 irritability, heightened, 137 rigidity, cataleptic, 25 sense, viii

Muscle erotic, 8, 25, 27, 31, 42, 90, 137 eroticism, 63

Myopia, 77, 91

Nates, 26

Neurotic, compulsive, 77

Neuroses, 22

Night wandering, vii

Noctambulism, vii

Nosebleed, 30

Organic disposition, 25

Orgasm, 2

Paralysis of arm, 26

Paralyses, 25

Pavor nocturnus, 25

Phantasies, sexual, 17, 19

Poets, 24, 45

"Prinz von Homburg, Der," 97

Psychoanalysis for moon walking, ix

Puberty, 21, 41, 80, 82

Rank, Otto, 102, 134

Regression, 113, 136

Repressed libido, 10

Repression, 60

Sadistic, 20, 25

Sadistic-masochistic, 2, 7

Sadism, 8 blood, 2

Sadists, 137

Shakespeare, ix, 114

Sleep, normal, vii, viii

Somnambulism, vii, 22 hysterical and hypnotic, viii

Somnambulist, 23

Spirits, belief in, 26

Splitting of mother complex, 77

"Sndkind, Das," 106

Synesthesia, 74, 91

Talking in sleep, 7, 33

Tic, 90

Tieck, Ludwig, ix, 42, 124

Transference in hypnotism, 26

Unconscious conception, 62, 73

Urethral erotic, 27 eroticism, 2

Vaginal eroticism, 3

"Woman in white," 26



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The Technique of Psychoanalysis. S. E. Jelliffe.

Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales. Riklin.

Character and the Neuroses. Trigant Burrow.

The Wildisbush Crucified Saint. Theodore Schroeder.

The Pragmatic Advantage of Freudo-Analysis. Knight Dunlap.

Moon Myth in Medicine. William A. White.

The Sadism of Oscar Wilde's "Salome." Isador H. Coriat.

Psychoanalysis and Hospitals. L. E. Emerson.

The Dream as a Simple Wishfulfillment in the Negro. John E. Lind.

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The Principles of Pain-Pleasure and Reality. Paul Federn.

The Unconscious. William A. White.

A Plea for a Broader Standpoint in Psychoanalysis. Meyer Solomon.

Contributions to the Pathology of Everyday Life; Their Relation to Abnormal Mental Phenomena. Robert Stewart Miller.

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Psychoanalytic Parallels. William A. White.

Rle of Sexual Complex in Dementia Prcox. James C. Hassall.

Psycho-Genetics of Androcratic Evolution. Theodore Schroeder.

Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. Otto Rank and Hans Sachs.

Some Studies in the Psychopathology of Acute Dissociation of the Personality. Edward J. Kempf.

Psychoanalysis. Arthur H. Ring.

A Philosophy for Psychoanalysis. L. E. Emerson.

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Symbolism. William A. White.

The Work of Alfred Adler, Considered with Especial Reference to that of Freud. James J. Putnam.

Art in the Insane. L. Grimberg.

Retaliation Dreams. Hansell Crenshaw.

History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. Sigmund Freud.

Clinical Cases Exhibiting Unconscious Defence Reactions. Francis H. Shockley.

Processes of Recovery in Schizophrenics. H. Bertschinger.

Freud and Sociology. Ernest R. Groves.

The Ontogenetic Against the Phylogenetic Elements in the Psychoses of the Colored Race. Arrah B. Evarts.

Discomfiture and Evil Spirits. Elsie Clews Parsons.

Two Very Definite Wish-Fulfillment Dreams. C. B. Burr.

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A Summary of Material on the Topical Community of Primitive and Pathological Symbols ("Archeopathic" Symbols). F. L. Wells.

A Literary Forerunner of Freud. Helen Williston Brown.

The Technique of Dream Interpretation. Wilhelm Steckel.

The Social and Sexual Behavior of Infrahuman Primates with some Comparable Facts in Human Behavior. Edw. J. Kempf.

Pain as a Reaction of Defence. H. B. Moyle.

Some Statistical Results of the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Psychoneuroses. Isador H. Coriat.

The Rle of Animals in the Unconscious. S. E. Jelliffe and L. Brink.

The Genesis and Meaning of Homosexuality. Trigant Burrow.

Phylogenetic Elements in the Psychoses of the Negro. John E. Lind.

Freudian Elements in the Animism of the Niger Delta. E. R. Groves.

The Mechanism of Transference. William A. White.

The Future of Psychoanalysis. Isador H. Coriat.

Hermaphroditic Dreams. Isador H. Coriat.

The Psychology of "The Yellow Jacket." E. J. Kempf.

Heredity and Self-Conceit. Mabel Stevens.

The Long Handicap. Helen R. Hull.

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Analysis of a Case of Manic-Depressive Psychosis Showing well-marked Regressive Stages. Lucile Dooley.

Reactions to Personal Names. C. P. Oberndorf.

A Study of the Mental Life of the Child. H. von Hug-Hellmuth.

An Interpretation of Certain Symbolisms. J. J. Putnam.

Charles Darwin—The Affective Source of His Inspiration and Anxiety Neurosis. Edw. J. Kempf.

The Origin of the Incest-Awe. Trigant Burrow.

Compulsion and Freedom: The Fantasy of the Willow Tree. S. E. Jelliffe and L. Brink.

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[ Transcriber's Note:

The following is a list of corrections made to the original. The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.

29. A Study of the Mental Life of the Child. $2.00. By Dr. H. Von 29. A Study of the Mental Life of the Child. $2.00. By Dr. H. von

Conclusion and Resum 137 Conclusion and Rsum 137

of importance to medical pschology. The author of this book has pursued of importance to medical psychology. The author of this book has pursued

writers of these preceding science have made in regard to sleep walking writers of the preceding science have made in regard to sleep walking

[1] ber Nachtwandeln und Mondsucht. Eine medizinish-literarische [1] ber Nachtwandeln und Mondsucht. Eine medizinisch-literarische

Sechzentes Heft, Leipzig und Wien, Franz Deuticke, 1914. Sechzehntes Heft, Leipzig und Wien, Franz Deuticke, 1914.

[6] "ber den sado-masochistichen Komplex," Jahr. f. psychoanal. [6] "ber den sado-masochistischen Komplex," Jahrb. f. psychoanal.

sleep. In the same way similar erotic motives and analagous behavior may sleep. In the same way similar erotic motives and analogous behavior may

it for him. Then I went to bed and slept soundly for some hours, as I it for him.' Then I went to bed and slept soundly for some hours, as I

no sign of waking. This must represent a second form of consciounsess, no sign of waking. This must represent a second form of consciousness,

"At that time I had to sleep in a small room which by brother had "At that time I had to sleep in a small room which my brother had

Before going to sleep I always barred the door of the room, which near "Before going to sleep I always barred the door of the room, which near

brothr-in-law Emil had first taken breakfast with her mother in her brother-in-law Emil had first taken breakfast with her mother in her

maiden in her nightgown, who thus exhibits hereself in her night garment maiden in her nightgown, who thus exhibits herself in her night garment

perform coitus."—How is that?"—"I have remonstrated rather seriously perform coitus."—"How is that?"—"I have remonstrated rather seriously

mother call you, or did you come of yourself?"—I believe that my mother call you, or did you come of yourself?"—"I believe that my

gone he could do nothing more to the mother. And they you could take his gone he could do nothing more to the mother. And then you could take his

again"—"Or rather, I bolt the door so that my father cannot come to my again."—"Or rather, I bolt the door so that my father cannot come to my

in!'—"That would mean also that if the mother wants to come, only she in!'"—"That would mean also that if the mother wants to come, only she

he answered me, 'Yes, here I am!'—"What about the warden of the he answered me, 'Yes, here I am!'"—"What about the warden of the

myself immediately, realizing where I was, and went beck to bed. I told myself immediately, realizing where I was, and went back to bed. I told

episode: 'When I was nine or ten years old, the healthy brother was ill episode: "When I was nine or ten years old, the healthy brother was ill

lunacy but of a vertable moon lover, presumably our poet himself. There lunacy but of a veritable moon lover, presumably our poet himself. There

all this he did not become so quickly aware, as that his own checks all this he did not become so quickly aware, as that his own cheeks

with massive oak or iron bars. So finally he gave up entirely and with massive oak or iron bars. "So finally he gave up entirely and

surrounded her. He compelled himeslf to leave the clear broad way of surrounded her. He compelled himself to leave the clear broad way of

look would draw from me—what would you drag out from my soul?—'The look would draw from me—what would you drag out from my soul?'—'The

occurred to her the many nights when she had dreamed of the lonely occurred to her the many nights "when she had dreamed of the lonely

his fresh dream kissees. Still she consciously kept back every outer his fresh dream kisses. Still she consciously kept back every outer

I can deal more briefly with Jrn Uhl," the well-known rural romance of I can deal more briefly with "Jrn Uhl," the well-known rural romance of

not yet late"—"The sky is so clear. I want to look at the stars once not yet late."—"The sky is so clear. I want to look at the stars once

child and in his way solemnly declares "I will never do it again," and child and in his way solemnly declares, "I will never do it again," and

for reverence.'" for reverence."

is the love—one can call it nothing else—which the child betows upon is the love—one can call it nothing else—which the child bestows upon

now for the first time a child no more. Maria thus felt herself through now for the first time a child no more." Maria thus felt herself through

manner." Only all to evident! This punishment was in reality a manner." Only all too evident! This punishment was in reality a

The friendliness, the affectionate regard, which spoke so unmistakably "The friendliness, the affectionate regard, which spoke so unmistakably

good. Since she could not yet entirely believe she asked, "Is it indeed good." Since she could not yet entirely believe she asked, "Is it indeed

and said confusedly, "See this beautiful child, Eisener, Sir!" Maria and said confusedly, 'See this beautiful child, Eisener, Sir!'" Maria

premonition of a happy life with Eisener and her George." premonition of a happy life with Eisener and her George.

[25] Cf. with this especially Ernest Jentsch, "Das Pathologische bei [25] Cf. with this especially Ernst Jentsch, "Das Pathologische bei

[27] Rhapsodies over the Employment of the Psychical Method of [27] "Rhapsodies over the Employment of the Psychical Method of

the laurel wreath, saying, "Dearest Natalie, Why run away from me?" and the laurel wreath, saying, "Dearest Natalie! Why run away from me?" and

Who lately had arrived at our encampment?' Who lately had arrived at our encampment?"

Kruges," ("The Broken Pitcher.") These daintiest hands belonged to his Kruges." ("The Broken Pitcher.") These daintiest hands belonged to his

limits but becomes much more a peculiar neurotic charactertistic. No less limits but becomes much more a peculiar neurotic characteristic. No less

in life, by displacing it over upon a discovered or given material. in life, by displacing it over a discovered or given material.

everything as possible and is ready to sacrifiee even the hand of the everything as possible and is ready to sacrifice even the hand of the

the justice of the sentence—I might almost has said, after he had asked the justice of the sentence—I might almost have said, after he had asked

not only remorse seized him but be began to curse at the folk, who see not only remorse seized him but he began to curse at the folk, who see

'that's the end,' and there remains nothing more to tell." Soon he 'that's the end, and there remains nothing more to tell.'" Soon he

The multitudinous seas incarnardine, The multitudinous seas incarnadine,

his bloody hands, "This is a sorry sight"! It was only a foolish his bloody hands, "This is a sorry sight!" It was only a foolish

come, give me your hand!' and bade her go to bed. come, give me your hand!" and bade her go to bed.

phantasies of childhood? I can only reply to this apparently justified phantasies of childhood?" I can only reply to this apparently justified

their later reappearancess in the great dramas. their later reappearances in the great dramas.

apparently so fundamentally different for one and the same thing, There apparently so fundamentally different for one and the same thing. There

calls out, "Et tu Brute! Then fall, Csar!" Shakespeare has set aside calls out, 'Et tu Brute! Then fall, Csar!' Shakespeare has set aside

Conception, Immacuate, 62, 73 Conception, Immaculate, 62, 73

Epilepsy, iv, 1, 138 Epilepsy, viii, 1, 138 ]

THE END