 |
[Footnote 217: Spencer and Gillen, The Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 558.]
[Footnote 218: The Australian Race, Vol. I, p. 110.]
[Footnote 219: Daily Life of the Tasmanians, p. 64.]
[Footnote 220: Howitt, "The Dieri and Other Kindred Tribes of Central Australia," Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Vol. XX, p. 87; Roth, Ethnological Studies among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines, p. 174; Spencer and Gillen, loc. cit., p. 93.]
[Footnote 221: Cf. pp. 136ff. of this volume.]
[Footnote 222: Howitt, "The Dieri and Other Kindred Tribes of Central Australia," Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Vol. XX, p. 58.]
[Footnote 223: Spencer and Gillen, loc. cit., pp. 62, 63.]
[Footnote 224: Fison and Howitt, Kamilaroi and Kurnai, p. 200.]
[Footnote 225: Ibid., p. 354.]
[Footnote 226: Fison and Howitt, loc. cit., p. 288, quoting Rev. John Bulmer on the Wa-imbio tribe.]
[Footnote 227: Spencer and Gillen, loc. cit., p. 554.]
[Footnote 228: Loc. cit., Vol. I, p. 108. At the same time, Curr thinks that capture was formerly more frequent.]
[Footnote 229: Misapprehension as to the prevalence of marriage by capture is due in the main to two causes: (1) cases of elopement have been classed as cases of capture; (2) the so-called survivals of marriage by capture in historical times, of which so much has been made, are merely systematized expressions of the coyness of the female, differing in no essential point from the coyness of the female among birds at the pairing season.]
[Footnote 230: Curr, loc. cit., Vol. I, p. 107.]
[Footnote 231: Loc. cit., p. 181.]
[Footnote 232: Haddon, "Ethnography of the Western Tribes of Torres Straits," Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Vol. XIX, p. 414.]
[Footnote 233: Ibid., p. 356.]
[Footnote 234: Loc. cit., p. 285.]
[Footnote 235: Cf. "The Gaming Instinct," American Journal of Sociology, Vol. VI, pp. 736ff., et passim.]
[Footnote 236: Cf. pp. 208ff. of this volume.]
[Footnote 237: William James, Principles of Psychology, Vol. II, p. 435.]
[Footnote 238: "The Evolution of Modesty," Psychological Review, Vol. VI, pp. 134ff.]
[Footnote 239: James, loc. cit., p. 436.]
[Footnote 240: Darwin's explanation of shyness, modesty, shame, and blushing as due originally to "self-attention directed to personal appearance, in relation to the opinion of others," appears to me to be a very good statement of some of the aspects of the process, but hardly an adequate explanation of the process as a whole. (Darwin, Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, p. 326.)]
[Footnote 241: James R. Angell and Helen B. Thompson, "A Study of the Relations between Certain Organic Processes and Consciousness," University of Chicago Contributions to Philosophy, Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 32-69.]
[Footnote 242: The paralysis of extreme fear seems to be a case of failure to accommodate when the equilibrium of attention is too violently disturbed. (See Mosso, La peur, p. 122.)]
[Footnote 243: Cf. pp. 108ff. of this volume.]
[Footnote 244: "Sex and Primitive Morality," pp. 149ff.]
[Footnote 245: Without making any attempt to classify the emotions, we may notice that they arise out of conditions connected with both the nutritive and reproductive activities of life; and it is possible to say that such emotions as anger, fear, and guilt show a more plain genetic connection with the conflict aspect of the food-process, while modesty is connected rather with sexual life and the attendant bodily habits.]
[Footnote 246: Groos, The Play of Animals, p. 285. The utility of these antics is well explained by Professor Ziegler in a letter to Professor Groos: "Among all animals a highly excited condition of the nervous system is necessary for the act of pairing, and consequently we find an exciting playful prelude is very generally indulged in" (Groos, loc. cit., p. 242); and Professor Groos thinks that the sexual hesitancy of the female is of advantage to the species, as preventing "too early and too frequent yielding to the sexual impulse" (loc. cit., p. 283).]
[Footnote 247: Old women among the natural races often lose their modesty because it is no longer of any use. Bonwick says that the Tasmanian women, though naked, were very modest, but that the old women were not so particular on this point. (Bonwick, The Daily Life of the Tasmanians, p. 58.)]
[Footnote 248: Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 556.]
[Footnote 249: A.C. Haddon, "The Ethnography of the Western Tribes of Torres Straits," Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Vol. XIX, p. 397; cf. also "The Psychology of Exogamy," pp. 175ff. of this volume.]
[Footnote 250: Loc. cit., p. 336.]
[Footnote 251: Bonwick, loc. cit., p. 24.]
[Footnote 252: Karl von den Steinen, Unter den Naturvoelkern Zentral-Brasiliens, p. 192.]
[Footnote 253: Spencer and Gillen, loc. cit., p. 572.]
[Footnote 254: Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, p. 189.]
[Footnote 255: Pp. 167ff.]
[Footnote 256: See John Fiske, Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. II, pp. 342ff.]
[Footnote 257: See, however, Topinard, Elements d'anthropologie generale, pp. 557ff.]
[Footnote 258: Helen B. Thompson, The Mental Traits of Sex, p. 182.]
[Footnote 259: The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa, pp. 218ff.]
[Footnote 260: Whewell, History of the Inductive Sciences, Vol. I, p. 205.]
[Footnote 261: Iliad, iii, 233; translation by Lang, Leaf, and Myers.]
[Footnote 262: Thomson, New Zealand, Vol. I, p. 164.]
[Footnote 263: Shooter, The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country, p. 102.]
[Footnote 264: Fresh Discoveries at Nineveh and Researches at Babylon: Supplement.]
[Footnote 265: Maine, Popular Government, p. 132.]
[Footnote 266: Ibid., p. 134.]
[Footnote 267: Smith, Village Life in China, p. 99.]
[Footnote 268: Ibid., p. 95.]
[Footnote 269: On the increase of insanity and feeble-mindedness see R.R. Rentoul, "Proposed Sterilization of Certain Mental Degenerates," American Journal of Sociology, Vol. XII, pp. 319ff.]
[Footnote 270: It is true that in many parts of the world, among the lower races, woman was treated by the men with a chivalrous respect, due to the prevalence of the maternal system and ideas of sympathetic magic; but she nevertheless did not participate in their activities and interests.]
[Footnote 271: A.E. Crawley, "Sexual Taboo," Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Vol. XXIV, p. 233.]
[Footnote 272: Loc. cit., p. 227.]
[Footnote 273: Ibid., pp. 123-25.]
[Footnote 274: Danks, "Marriage Customs of the New Britain Group," Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Vol. XVII, p. 284.]
[Footnote 275: Burrows, "On the Native Races of the Upper Welle District of the Belgian Congo," Journal of the Anthropological Institute, N.S. Vol. I, p. 41.]
[Footnote 276: Williams, The Middle Kingdom, Vol. I, p. 786.]
[Footnote 277: Cf. pp. 223ff. of this volume.]
[Footnote 278: The Life Stories of Undistinguished Americans, (Edited) by Hamilton Holt, pp. 100ff.
This peasant woman represents the true female type, and the American women in the scene represent the adventitious type of woman. The frail and clinging type is an adjustment to the tastes of man, produced partly by custom and partly by breeding. But in so far as the selection of frail women by men of the upper classes has contributed to the production of a frail or so-called "feminine" type in these classes, this applies to the males as well as the females of these classes. And there is, in fact, a more or less marked tendency to "feminism" apparent among the men and women of the "better classes." If we want to breed for mind, we can do so, but we must breed on better principles than beauty and docility.]
[Footnote 279: Ploss, Das Weib, 2 Auf., Vol. I, p. 46.]
INDEX
A
Abnormalities, 27. Abstraction, in lower races, 267. Adams, 115. Adolescence, 115. Adoption, 82, 88. Adventuress, 239. Aesthetic life and sex-susceptibility, 120. Agriculture: and woman, 136; as man's work, 145. Altruism, 120. Anabolism of female, 29, 35, 42, 48. Anaesthetics, 35. Angell, 105, 202. Animal environment of man, 136; more katabolic, 3. Animals: domestication of, 137; memory and judgment of, 253. Anomalies, 27. Aphrodisiacs, 176. Appendicitis, 253. Arbousset and Daumas, 126. Aristotle, 289. Asexual reproduction, 10. Associational and sympathetic relations, 105. Athleticism in women, 22. Attention, 279; break in, 108, 202, 207. Atrophied organs, 223.
B
Bachhofen, 70. Baker, 155. Bancroft, 76, 88, 141. Bandelier, 142. Bartels, 36. Battel, 62. Becquerel, 31. Behavior: regulation of, 211; standards of, 212, 214, 219. Billroth, 38. Birthrate, 13, 42; of Jews, 13; of metis, 13. Blood, 30, 48. Blood-brotherhood, 90. Blood-vengeance, 90. Blushing, 211. Boas, 84. Boccaccio, 194. Bonwick, 125, 168, 180, 210, 214. Bosman, 82. Bowdich, 116. Boyle, 156. Boys, training of, 152. Brain, 18, 49; methods of studying, 256; of apes, 253; of Chinese, 254; of Egyptians, 254; of negro, 254; relation of, to culture, 260; relation of, to social condition, 281; weight, 253. Bride-price, 78, 83. Brother-sister marriage, 89. Bruce, 27, Burckhardt, 153. Burgoin, 34. Burrows, 300. Butler, 159.
C
Cadet, 31. Calkins, 11. Campbell, 27, 29, 35, 40. Cannibalism, 163. Carle, 38. Caste, 93. Celibacy, 29. Chastity, attitude toward, 86, 170. Chemiotaxis, 103. Child, helplessness of, 226; parallelism between, and race, 281. Child-bearing, 313. Child-birth, 38. Child-marriage, 86, 169, 177. Children, punishment of, 152. Chivalry, 73. Choice and rejection, 104. Circumcision, 90. Civilization: nature of, 301; ours not of highest order, 314. Clan, 195. Class distinctions, origin of, 156. Closson, 92. Clothing: as ornament, 215; man's interest in, 139; origin of, 201; psychology of, 201-220. Clubfoot, 28. Clubs, among primitive men, 294. Coeducation, 311. Collins, 44. Comradeship, origin of, 120. Conflict interest, 98, 101, 105, 132, 137, 204, 243. Conservatism: among orientals, 284; of woman, morphological and physiological, 18, 19, 51. Control: based on male activity, 168; by old men, 184; in relation to sex, 55; primitive social, 55-94. Courage, 109, 132, 151. Courtship, 111, 208, 210, 213, 229, 235, 238. Cousins, marriage of, 13. Coyness of female, 208, 219. Crawley, 295. Criminal, 243. Criminality, 28. Crossing, 12, 57. Cruelty to women, 76. Culture, effect of higher on lower, 213. Cunning: analogue of constructive thought, 313; of woman, 292. Cunningham, 28. Curr, 180, 188, 190.
D
Dances, erotic, 177. Danks, 177, 299. Dargun, 70, 77, 82. Darwin, 15, 18, 202, 204. Deafmutism, 28. Defectives, 25. Delaunay, 14, 19, 34, 35. Depaul, 45. Despotism, 93. Development, problem of, 244. Diodorus, 153. Disreputable occupations, 242. Disvulnerability, 36. Divorce, 63. Domestication of animals, 137. Domestication of plants by women, 136. Dorsey, 142. Doughty, 161. Dress, as play interest, 237. Drudgery of primitive woman, 126, 131. Drury, 157. Duesing, 4, 5.
E
Economic dependence of man on woman, 137. Education for women, 245. Ellis, A.B., 90, 118, 269. Ellis, H., 4, 28, 38, 44, 201. Elopement, 184. Emotions, 104; as organic preparations for activity, 99, 131; complexity of, in man, 205, 209; organic basis of, 202; origin and classification of, 208. Endogamy, 57, 192. Environment and mind, 252. Equality of women in unadvanced societies, 231. Equilibrium of bodily processes, 202. Eroticism, 176. Eugenism, 290. Exchange of women, 179, 189, 194, 195. Exploitation of man by woman, 238. Exogamy, 13, 57, 78, 89, 175-97.
F
Familiarity and sex interest, 194. Farr, 41. Fatness, 29. Fear, paralysis of, 204. Featherman, 141. Female, anabolic, 3. Fenwick, 36, 37. Ferrero, 47. Fiske, 107, 226. Fison and Howitt, 124, 186, 187, 191. Forsyth, 168.
G
Galton, 290. Gambetta, brain of, 256. Game: effect of scarcity of, 143; preparation of, for food, 138. Geddes and Thomson, 3, 8. Genius, 24, 51. Giordano, 38. Giraud-Teulon, 82. Grange, 155. Grey, 101. Groos, 112, 208, 209. Group-marriage, 183. Growth, law of, in boys and girls, 6.
H
Habit, break in, 207, 218. Haddon, 190, 213, 214. Hammurabi, Code of, 276. Hanna, 21. Haushofer, 44. Hayem, 31, 32. Head-form, 19. Head-hunting, 155. Heckenwelder, 129, 131. Hegar, 29. Herodotus, 64. Hernia, 253. Hobbes, 128. Hoffman, 142. Homer, 164, 274. House, owned by woman, 135. Hovelaque, 77. Howitt, 61, 181. Hunting-pattern of interest, 280. Huschke, 19.
I
Idiocy, 24, 51, 254; increase of, 289. Ill-health in woman, 240. Imbeciles, 25. Incident, as social force, 287. Industry: and sex, 123-46; organization of, by man, 230. Infant mortality, 43. Infibulation, 177. Ingenuity in lower races, 277. Inhibition: and art, 283; in lower races, 263. Initiation, 90, 153. Insanity, 24, 51, 254; increase of, 289. Insomnia, 35. Instincts, persistence of, 99. Intelligence and culture, 260. Interest, hunting-pattern of, 280. Interests of savage and civilized, 279. Invention: and labor, 230; based on analogy, 278; psychology of, 277. Inventiveness of man, 146. Irving, 140.
J
Jacobs, 13. James, 98, 201. Jealousy, 217. Jennings, 104. Jews, 12. Jones, 32, 33, 48, 126, 161. Judgment, 104.
K
Kane, 76. Katabolism of male, 3, 33, 35, 40. Key, 6. Kinship, bond of clans, 195. Klebs, 8. Koch, 26. Korniloff, 31. Krafft-Ebing, 29, 115.
L
Labor: and invention, 146; division of, between sexes, 123, 140, 228; of primitive woman, 124, 129, 134; significance of, 123; woman's exemption from, 127. Lacanu, 31. Lawlessness, admiration of, 153; Lawrie, 36, 37. Layard, 283. Laziness of primitive man, 128. Legal authority, 161. Legal standards, 162. Legouest, 36, 38. Leichtenstern, 27, 32, 33. Lewis and Clarke, 151, 171. Liberty of woman in America, 311. Life, primarily female, 224. Lippert, 62, 75, 91. Locke, 239. Loeb, 104. Lombroso, 28, 38, 39, 47. Longevity, 46. Love of offspring, 120. Lubbock, 62, 187. Lungs, 34.
M
McCosh, 155. Macfarlane, 35. McGee, 60, 79. McLennan, 82. Macrae, 154. Maine, 66, 284, 285, 288. Male: activity, social value of, 151; control in maternal organization, 75; katabolism of 3, 33, 35, 40; relation to nutrition, 4. Malgaigne, 36, 37. Man as a domesticated animal, 135 Manley, 27. Manual dexterity, 23; of woman, 310. Manufacture, woman's relation to, 293. Margaret of Navarre, 194. Marriage: by capture, 80, 187, 190; by purchase, 80; customs of, 78, 154; definition of, 227; modern problem of, 245; of cousins among Jews, 13. Martini, 38. Mason, 166. Maternal instinct, 106, 232. Maternal system, 57-94, 135, 141, 168, 228. Mather, 126. Maupas, 10, 11. Mayr, 26, 47. Mela, 38. Memory in woman, 309. Metis, 13. Migration, social significance of, 91. Militancy, chronic, 93. Military: glory, 158; organization, 73. Milne-Edwards, 34. Mind: formation of, 312; ground-pattern of, 243; nature of, 251; of lower races, 251-312; of woman, 291-313; produces society, 277. Mitchell, 25. Modesty, psychology of, 201-20, 302. Moffat, 126. Monogamy, 176; acquired, 192; basis of, 192; from biological standpoint, 193, from social standpoint, 193. Morality: contractual in man, imitational in woman, 172; contractual in men, personal in women, 172, 219, 233; definition of, 149; dependence on food relations, 150; extribal extension of, 163; generalization of, 167; in relation to sex, 149-72; male and female codes of, 233; motor type of, 149, 152; of woman, 233; parallelism of development in, 275; regulative function of, 149; relation to religion, 158; standards of, developed by men, 171; tribal character of, 120, 162, 163. Morgan, 58, 88, 143. Morphological: conservatism in woman, 18, 19, 51; instability in men, 24. Morselli, 39. Mortality, 26, 40, 43, 45. Mosaic code, 276. Mosso, 204. Mother-right, priority of, 67. Motion: appreciation of, 156; capacity for, 21, 23; in man, 51, 55, 67, 87, 92, 123, 132, 154, 219, 228, 291; in woman, 293. Murder, prohibition of, 165. Muscular co-ordination, 23. Musters, 80.
N
Nasse, 31. Newsholme, 41. Number-sense in lower races, 270. Nutrition and sex, 5, 9, 149.
O
Occupational interest for women, 245. Occupations: hunting-pattern of, 280; stationary and motor, 123. Odyssey, 163. Oettingen, 39, 43. Organization: man's capacity for, 145; of industry by man, 145, 230. Ornament: as basis of clothing, 215; transference of, to woman, 219, 235. Ornstein, 46, 47. Owen, 125, 170.
P
Parallelism: of development, 272; in morality, 275; in poetry, 274. Parasitic condition of women of upper classes, 232. Parental instinct, 107. Paternal authority, 62, 67, 70, 76, 87, 90. Pearson, 17. Peasant woman, 304. Phallic worship, 177. Plant: anabolic, 3; domestication of, 136. Pleasure and pain, 279. Ploss, 4, 43, 44, 56, 177, 309. Poetry, parallelism of development in, 274. Poison, restrictions in use of, 165. Political organization, 70. Polyandry, 7. Polygamy, 81, 142, 180, 181, 191. Pope, 238. Post, 153. Pottery, 138. Powell, 70. Powers, 216. Prejudice, 103. Pre-matriarchal stage, 68. Primitive life, its character, 128. Prohibitions, 159. Promiscuity, 67, 176. Property, 63, 141; controlled by man, 297. Proverb, as form of abstraction, 267. Puberty in girls, 177. Public opinion, 150. Punishment, 159-62.
Q
Quetelet, 43.
R
Race-prejudice, 108, 120, 258. Raffles, 156. Ranke, 20. Ratzel, 62, 136, 138, 141. Recapitulation, theory of, 282. Regeneration, 36. Religion: and art, 120; and sex, 115; as reflection of social practices, 158. Religious dedication, 90. Rentoul, 289. Reproduction, as discontinuous growth, 7. Resistance to disease, 40. Robin, 31. Rodier, 31. Rolph, 8. Roth, 190.
S
Sachs, 9. Scherer, 31. Schmidt, 31. Schoolcraft, 75, 80, 126. Science, oriental attitude toward, 283. Seaver, 21. Secret societies, 90. Seidlitz, 161. Sense-perception of lower races, 263. Sensitiveness to opinion, 108, 111, 113, 119, 151, 202, 206. Sensitivity, 251. Sex: determination of, 9; social significance of, 51, 97-120; susceptibility, 119. Sexes, organic differences in, 3-51. Sexual: activity, 29; characters, 17; life as play-interest, 177; life, primitive interest in, 176; perversion, 29; selection, 15. Sewing, as man's work, 139. Shame, 201, 202. Shooter, 159. Showing-off, 108, 151, 236. Simcox, 65, 88. Size, relation of, to sex, 14. Slave-wife, 81. Slavery, 93. Smith, A.R., 287. Smith, W.R., 63, 85. Sophocles, 65. Space problem in society, 91. Spencer, 187. Spencer and Gillen, 179, 182, 187, 213, 216. Sporting-woman, 239. Starcke, 75. Steatopyga, 30. Steinen, 215. Steinmetz, 81, 84, 163. Stimulation, lack of in woman's life, 240, 245. Stimulus, variable reaction to, 209. Strategy, 164. Strength, 21, 22, 67. Suggestibility, cultural significance of, 206. Suggestion, 312. Suicide, 39. Supplementary wife, 81. Suttee, 169. Sympathy, 105, 120; tribal character of, 120.
T
Taboo, authority of, 196. Tattooing, 90. Technological skill of man, 145, 230. Territory, 92, 150. Theft, encouragement of, 153. Thompson, G., 152. Thompson, H.B., 23, 105, 202, 257. Thomson, 275. Topinard, 18, 19, 20, 50, 255. Totemism, 90. Tribal marks, 90. Trophies, 155, 206. Tropisms, 103. Turgenieff, brain of, 256. Turkey-cock politics, 116. Turner, 125. Turquan, 47. Tylor, A., 16. Tylor, E.B., 61, 63.
U
Unfamiliarity, and emotional tension, 196. Urine, 34. Uterine displacement, 253.
V
Vanity, 111, 206. Variability, 15, 50, 225, 227. Variation, 13. Vassar College Athletic Association, 22. Vegetable environment of woman, 136. Vervorn, 104. Viscera, 28. Vitality: decreased in girls at puberty, 45; decreased in woman by reproductive processes, 48. Vogt, 307.
W
Wagner, 18. Waitz-Gerland, 74, 77, 89, 90. Wallace, 16. Wappaeus, 43. War, 100; as sport, 100; attitude of women toward, 101, 133, 206; social significance of war, 93. Warner, 25. Wealth, 127. Weaving, 139. Weisbach, 19. Weismann, 11. Welcker, 31. Westermarck, 4, 12, 66, 176, 177, 216, 227. Whewell, 272. Whitelegge, 41. Widows, sacrifice of, 169. Wilder, 27. Wilkes, 90. Williams, S.W., 301. Williams, T., 169. Winckel, 45. Woman: adventitious character of, 223-47, 302; as creator of economic values, 181, 228; as property, 168, 181, 190, 297; as social nucleus, 56; beauty of, 127; capacity for intellectual work, 313; character of, 237; contempt for, 294; endurance of, 313; fear of, 294; high position of, 73; indirection of, 232; labor of, 124, 129, 134; liberty of, in America, 311; not in white man's world, 306-12; occupations of, taken over by men, 139, 144, 230; present unrest of, 240; relation to occupations, 303; stationary condition of, 51, 55, 123, 133, 228, 293; subjection of, 93, 224, 230, 235; withdrawal of, from labor, 127. Work as play-interest, 245. Wright, 59.
THE END |
|
