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For that end society may take over directly from the workshop of the psychotherapist quite a number of almost technical methods. Suggestion is one of them. The means of suggestion through education and art, through the church and through public opinion, through example and tradition, and even through fashion and prejudices, are millionfold, but not less numerous are the channels for antisocial and antihygienic suggestions. No one can measure the injury done to the psychophysical balance of the weaker brains, for instance, by the sensational court gossip and reports of murder trials in the newspapers for the masses. But while the influence of suggestion is on the whole familiar to public opinion, the community is much less aware of another factor which we found important in the hands of the psychotherapist. We recognized that mental disturbances were often the result of suppressed emotion and repressed wishes. For the cure the psychotherapist has to aim toward the cathartic result. The suppressed ideas had to be brought to consciousness again and then to be discharged through vivid expression. Society ought to learn from it that few factors are more disturbing for the mental balance than feelings and emotions which do not come to a normal expression. It is no chance that in countries of mixed Protestant and Catholic civilization, the number of suicides is larger in Protestant regions than in the Catholic ones where the confessional relieves the suppressed emotions of the masses. This is also the most destructive effect of social and legal injustice; emotions are strangulated and then begin to work mischief. The community should take care early that secret feelings are avoided, that the child is cured from all sullenness which stores up the emotion instead of discharging it. Certainly all education and social life demands inhibition and also the child has to learn not to give expression to every passing feeling. To find there the sound middle way is again the real hygienic ideal. Too much in our social life and especially in the sphere of sexuality forces on the individual a hypocrisy and secrecy which is among the most powerful conditions of later mental instability.
Of course the background of a hygienic life of the community remains the philosophy of life which gives unity to the scattered energies and consequently steadiness to the individual through all his hazards of fate. It might seem doubtful whether society could get the prescription for such a steady view of the world also from the workshop of the psychotherapist. To the superficial observer the opposite might seem evident, as every word of our psychotherapeutic study indicated that that is a view of life which makes man's inner experience simply an effect of foregoing causes. All life becomes a psychophysical mechanism and from that point of view man's thinking and acting become the necessary outcome of the foregoing conditions. Nothing seems more unfit to give a deeper meaning to life and a higher value. And yet if there was one thought which controlled our discussion from the beginning, it was certainly the conviction that this causal view itself is only an instrument in the service of idealistic endeavors; the reality of man's life is the reality of will and freedom directed towards ideals. One of these ideals is the reconstruction of the world in the thought forms of causality. In the service of our ideals we may thus transform the world into a mechanism: out of our freedom we desire to conceive ourselves as necessary products. Whenever we aim to produce changes in the world, we must calculate the effects through the means of this causal construction, but we never have a right to forget that this calculation itself is therefore only a tool and that our reality, in which our duties and our real aims lie, is itself outside of this construction. The psychotherapist wants to produce effects inasmuch as he wants to cure disease. He is therefore obliged to adjust his work as such entirely to the causal aspect of man, as soon as he wants to seek the means by which he can reach the end. But even the fact that he decides in favor of those ends, that he aims towards their realization, binds him to a world of purposes, and therefore, he, too, with his whole psychophysical work, stands with both feet in a reality of will which is controlled not by causes but by purposes, not by natural laws but by ideals.
INDEX
Abnormal, 75
Abstinence, 281
Action, 34, 101, 276
Adenoids, 189
Adjustment, 102
AEsthetic, 63
Alcohol, 198
Alcoholism, 278
Alternation, 154, 174
Anaemia, 310
Anaesthesia, 174, 301
Analysis, 21
Antagonistic, 24
Anxiety, 272
Appeal, 93
Applied Psychology, 60
Appreciation, 10
Art, 87
Association, 29, 32, 42
Association Experiment, 72, 233, 359
Associationism, 44
Astrology, 350
Assurance, 215
Assyria, 322
Ataxia, 179
Atoms, 27
Attention, 46, 95, 99, 113, 200, 244
Attitudes, 13
Authority, 222
Automatic, 144, 237
Autosuggestion, 122, 172, 219, 255, 266
Awareness, 133, 149
Beauty, 197
Belief, 100, 329
Blood-vessels, 302
Blushing, 262
Braidism, 353
Brain, 29, 34, 67, 139
Cancer, 178
Cathartic, 233, 358
Causality, 14, 32, 57
Cell, 44, 81, 89
China, 321
Church, 319
Christianity, 324
Christian Science, 7, 55, 317, 327, 343, 344
Chronoscope, 71
Circulation, 79
Clairvoyant, 128
Clearness, 103
Cocainism, 283
Coconscious, 156
Communication, 22
Community, 370
Company, 197
Comparative Anatomy, 38
Complex, 232, 249, 270
Confidence, 221, 230
Conscience, 219
Consciousness, 11, 125, 130, 134
Contact, 223
Cortex, 47
Cretinism, 168
Crime, 112
Criminology, 383
Dementia, 168
Depression, 178, 267, 314
Description, 19
Diabetes, 311
Diagnosis, 66, 184, 241
Digestive, 177, 309
Dilettanteism, 2
Discharge, 49, 90, 218, 232, 252, 396
Discipline, 202
Disposition, 138, 143
Dissociation, 135, 152
Dream, 114
Drugs, 163, 334
Education, 389
Effort, 289
Efficiency, 194
Egyptians, 323
Electrobiology, 353
Emmanuel Church, 326, 328, 331, 341
Emotion, 88, 123, 235, 259, 314, 392
Encouragement, 206
Energy, 276, 288
Epidemic, 193
Epilepsy, 80, 207
Equilibrium, 160
Ergograph, 71
Ethics, 16
Ethnology, 329
Examination, 186
Exhaustion, 196
Experimental Psychology, 5, 61
Explanation, 19, 28, 41
Faith, 6, 335
Fascination, 116, 230
Fear, 172, 259, 263
Feeble-minded, 72, 295
Feelings, 23
Freedom, 51, 146
Functional Diseases, 81, 343
Galvanoscope, 71
Genetic Psychology, 39
Gospels, 324
Greeks, 323, 350
Half-sleep, 226
Hallucination, 246
Hastiness, 200
Headache, 309
Hearing, 300
Heart Disease, 310
Heterosuggestion, 122
History, 16
Hygiene, 389
Hypnoid, 116, 227
Hypnotism, 74, 85, 109, 122, 227, 243, 350
Hysteria, 122, 174, 269, 356
Idealism, 2, 33, 397
Illness, 67
Imagination, 111
Impulse, 89
Improvement, 299
Indecision, 290
Indians, 321
Inherited, 171
Inhibition, 86, 95, 113, 295, 305, 315
Insanity, 165, 256
Insomnia, 303, 312
Instinct, 305
Intemperance, 281
Intensity, 194
Interruption, 191
Japan, 322
Jews, 322
Kymograph, 71
Knowledge, 11
Lawyer, 87
Learning, 390
Magnetism, 351
Make-believe, 216
Memory, 138
Mesmerism, 128, 253
Minister, 57, 207, 332, 340, 367
Monotony, 203
Moral, 65, 84
Morality, 372
Morphinism, 283, 376
Motor Process, 46, 97, 218
Movement Sensation, 24
Mystic, 224, 315
Naturalism, 4
Negativism, 220
Nervousness, 193
Neurasthenia, 169, 246, 290, 292
Neuron, 164
Nutrition, 79, 312
Obedience, 201
Object, 13, 18
Obsession, 246
Opposite Idea, 97
Oppression, 272
Organic Diseases, 81, 343
Organism, 23
Pain, 69, 167, 298, 309, 313, 342
Parallelism, 33, 37, 40
Passes, 117
Pathology, 36
Pauses, 190
Pedagogy, 63
Perception, 20, 34, 133
Personality, 11, 25, 154
Persuasion, 214
Perversity, 176
Phobia, 94
Physical, 18
Physician, 57, 347
Physicotherapy, 1
Pneumograph, 71, 235
Poet, 59
Posthypnotic, 120, 231
Postulate, 41
Prayer, 207
Prohibition, 198
Protestantism, 325
Psychasthenia, 172, 264, 277
Psychiatry, 70
Psychical, 18
Psychoanalytic, 236, 272
Psychological Laboratory, 5, 36, 60, 72, 356
Psychology, 5, 8, 25, 39, 364
Pulse, 235, 294
Purposes, 11, 17
Purposive, 13, 33, 65, 145, 338
Reactions, 50, 143
Realism, 2
Reality, 15
Reasoning, 212
Recklessness, 201
Recuperation, 191
Relapse, 281
Relativity, 195
Religion, 84, 207, 329, 341
Reparable, 165
Reservoir, 209
Resistance, 105
Rest, 191
Retardation, 169, 202
Revival, 337
Savages, 320
Secrets, 185
Self, 24, 131
Self-consciousness, 136
Sensation, 22, 28
Sense Organ, 300
Shamanism, 320
Sidetracking, 236, 249, 271
Sleep, 112, 177, 226, 303, 307
Somnambulism, 114, 153, 352
Sphygmograph, 71, 235
Stammering, 175, 274
Stomach, 309
Subconscious, 125, 161
Subcortical, 143, 306
Subject, 13
Suggestibility, 88, 107, 221
Suggestion, 85, 100, 213, 273, 395
Superficiality, 200
Supervision, 279
Surroundings, 189
Sympathy, 205
Symptoms, 80, 186
Temperance, 198
Tones, 44
Toxic, 167
Unity, 52, 135
Vacation, 197
Vividness, 50
Will, 11, 31
Witness, 107
Worry, 259
Yogi, 350
Transcriber's note: Inconsistencies in hyphenation reflect the original text.
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