 |
From the positive side Philo stands for the spiritual significance of the religion. Judaism, which lays stress upon the law, the ceremonial, and the customs of our forefathers, is threatened at times with the neglect of the inward religion and the hardness of legalism. Not that the law, when it is understood, kills the spirit or fetters the feelings, but a formal observance and an unenlightened insistence upon the letter may crush the soul which good habits should nurture. Religion at its highest must be the expression of the individual soul within, not the acceptance of a law from without. Although Philo's estimate of the Torah is from the historical and philological standpoint uncritical, in the religious sense it is finely critical inasmuch as it searches out true values. Philo looks in every ordinance of the Bible for the spiritual light and conceives the law as an inspiration of spiritual truth and the guide to God, or, as he puts it sometimes, "the mystagogue to divine ecstasy." For the crown of life to him is the saint's union with God. In mysticism religion and philosophy blend, for mysticism is the philosophical form of faith. Just as the Torah to Philo has an outward and an inward meaning, so, too, has the religion of the Torah; and the outward Judaism is the symbol, the necessary bodily expression of the inward, even as the words of Moses are the symbol, the suggestive expression of the deeper truth behind them. Yet mystic and spiritual as he is, Philo never allows religion to sink into mere spirituality, because he has a true appreciation and a real love for the law. The Torah is the foundation of Judaism, and one of the three pillars of the universe, as the rabbis said; and neither the philosopher nor the mystic in Philo ever causes him to forget that Judaism is a religion of conduct as well as of belief, and that the law of righteousness is a law which must be practiced and show itself in active life. He holds fast, moreover, to the catholicity of Judaism, which restrains the individual from abrogating observance till the united conscience of the race calls for it; unless progress comes in this ordered way, the reformer will produce chaos.
Philo is conservative then in practice, but he is pre-eminently liberal in thought. The perfect example himself of the assimilation of outside culture, he demands that Judaism shall always seek out the fullest knowledge, and in the light of the broadest culture of the age constantly reinterpret its religious ideas and its holy books. Above all it must be philosophical, for philosophy is "the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge," and it vivifies the knowledge of God as well as the knowledge of human things. Without it religion becomes bigoted, faith obscurantist, and ceremony superstitious. But the Jew does not merely borrow ideas or accept his philosophy ready-made from his environment; he interprets it afresh according to his peculiar God-idea and his conception of God's relation to man, and thereby makes it a genuine Jewish philosophy, forming in each age a special Jewish culture. And as religion without philosophy is narrow, so, to Philo, philosophy without religion is barren; remote from the true life, and failing in the true purpose of the search for wisdom, which is to raise man to his highest function. Philosophy, then, is not the enemy of the Torah: it is its true complement, endowing it with a deeper meaning and a profounder influence. Thus the saying runs in the "Ethics of the Fathers,"
[Hebrew: 'm 'yn tora 'yn hkma; 'm 'yn hkma 'yn tora]
"If there is no Torah, there is no wisdom; if there is no wisdom, there is no Torah." The thought that study of the law is essential to Judaism Philo shares with the rabbis, and the Torah is in his eyes Israel's great heritage, not only her literature but her life. As Saadia said later,[365] "This nation is only a nation by reason of its Torah." It is because Philo starts from this conviction that his mission is so striking, and its results so tragical. The Judaism which he preached to the pagan world was no food for the soul with the strength taken out to render it more easily assimilated. He emphasizes its spiritual import, he shows its harmony, as the age demanded, with the philosophical and ethical conceptions of the time, but he steadfastly holds aloft, as the standard of humanity, the law of Moses. The reign of "one God and one law" seemed to him not a far-off Divine event, but something near, which every good Jew could bring nearer. He was oppressed by no craven fear of Jewish distinctiveness; and the Biblical saying that Israel was a chosen people was real to him and moved him to action. It meant that Israel was essentially a religious nation, nearer God, and possessed of the Divine law of life, and that it had received the Divine bidding to spread the truth about God to all the world. It was a creed, and more, it was an inspiration which constantly impelled to effort. It would be difficult to sum up Philo's message to his people better than by the verses in Deuteronomy which he, the interpreter of God's Word and the successor of Moses, as he loved to consider himself, proclaims afresh to his own age, and beyond it to the congregation of Jacob in all ages, "Keep therefore my commandments and do them; for this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the nations, which shall hear all these statutes, and say, Surely this great nation is a wise and understanding people.
"For what nation is there so great, who hath God so nigh unto them, as the Lord our God is in all things that we call upon Him for?
"And what nation is there so great that hath statutes and judgments so righteous as all this law, which I set before you this day?" (Deut. iv. 5-7).
* * * * *
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following are the chief works which have been consulted and are recommended to the student of Philo:
The standard edition of Philo is still that of Thomas Mangey, Philonis Judaei opera quae reperiri potuerunt omnia. 1742. Londini.
A far more accurate and critical edition, which is provided with introductory essays and notes upon the sources of Philo, is in course of publication for the Berlin Academy, by Dr. Leopold Cohn and Dr. Paul Wendland. The first five volumes have already appeared, and the remainder may be expected before long. The only complete edition which contains the Latin text of the Quaestiones as well as the Greek works is that published by Tauchnitz in eight volumes; but the text is not reliable.
There is an English translation of Philo's works in the Bohn Library (G. Bell & Sons) by C.D. Yonge (4 vols.), but it is neither accurate nor neat. The same may he said of the German translation of Jost, but an admirable German version edited by Dr. L. Cohn is now appearing, which contains notes of the parallel passages in rabbinic and patristic literature.
Works bearing on Philo and his period generally:
Schuerer, "History of the Jewish People at the Time of Jesus Christ" (English translation).
Siegfried, Philo von Alexandrien als Ausleger der heiligen Schrift.
Zeller, Geschiehte der Philosophie der Griechen, vol. III, sec. 2.
Drummond, "Philo-Judaeus and the Jewish Alexandrian School." 2 vols. (London.)
Herriot, Philon le Juif.
Vacherot, Ecole d'Alexandrie, vol. I.
Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelica, ed. Gifford.
Freudenthal, J., Hellenistische Studien.
Harnack, "History of Dogma," vol. I.
Josephus, "Wars of the Jews"; "Antiquities of the Jews."
Mommsen, Th., "The Roman Provinces."
Works bearing on the special subjects of the different chapters:
I. THE JEWISH COMMUNITY AT ALEXANDRIA Graetz, "History of the Jews" (Eng. trans.), vol. II. Swete, "introduction to the Septuagint." Hirsch, S.A., "The Temple of Onias," in the Jews' College Jubilee Volume. Friedlaender, M. (Vienna), Geschichte der juedischen Apologetitc and Religioese Bewegungen der Juden irn Zeitalter von Jesus.
II. THE LIFE AND TIMES OF PHILO Conybeare, edition of De Vita Contemplativa. (Oxford.) Hils, Les juifs en Rome. Revue des Etudes Juives, vols. 8 and 11. Reinach, Theodor, Textes d'auteurs grecs et romains relatifs au Judaisme. Brehier et Massebieau, Essai sur la chronologie de Philon. Revue de l'Histoire des Religions, 1906.
III. PHILO'S WORKS AND METHOD Hart, J.H.A., "Philo of Alexandria," Jewish Quarterly Review, vols. XVII and XVIII. Massebieau, Du classement des oeuvres de Philon. Cohn, Leopold, Einteilung und Chronologie der Schriften Philon.
IV. PHILO AND THE TORAH Treitel, L., Der Nomos in Philon. Monatsschrift fuer Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, 1905.
V. PHILO'S THEOLOGY Montefiore, C., Florilegium Philonis, Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. VIII. Caird, Ed., "Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers." Heinze, Die Lefire vom Logos, Bucher, Philonische Studien. Von Arnim, Philonische Studien.
VI. PHILO AS A PHILOSOPHER Freudenthal, Max, Die Erkenntnisstheorie von Philo. Bigg, "The Christian neo-Platonists of Alexandria." Bussell, "The School of Plato." Stewart, J.A., "The Myths of Plato." Cuyot, H., Les reminiscences de Philon chez Plotin. 1906. Neumark, Geschichte der jildischen Philosophie des Mittelalters.
VII. PHILO AND JEWISH TRADITION Schechter, "Aspects of Rabbinic Theology." Taylor, "Ethics of the Fathers." Ritter, Bernhard, Philo und die Halacha. Breslau, 1879. Dei Rossi, "Meor Einayim," ed. Cassel. Krochmal, "Moreh Nebuchei Hazeman," ed. Zunz. Frankel, Z., Ueber den Einfluss der palaestinensischen Exegese auf die alexandrinische Hermeneutik. Epstein, Le livre des Jubilis, Philon et le Midrasch Tadsche, Revue des Etudes Juives, XXI. Ginzberg, L., "Allegorical Interpretation," in Jewish Encyclopedia. Joel, M., Blicke in die Religionsgeschichte. Treitel, L., Agadah bei Philo. Monatsschrift fuer Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, 1909.
ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR THE REFERENCES
The references to Philo's works are made according to the chapters in Conn and Wendland's edition, so far as it has appeared. In referring to the works which they have not edited, I have used the pages of Mangey'a edition; but I have frequently mentioned the name of the treatise in which the passage occurs, as well as the page-number.
I have employed the following abbreviations in the references:
L.A. I-III Legum Allegoriae. De Mundi Op. De Mundi Opificio. De Sacrif. De Sacrifices Abelis. Quod Det. Quod Deterius Potiori Insidiatur. De Post. C. De Posteritate Caini. De Gigant. De Gigantibus. Quod Deus. Quod Deus Sit Immutabilis. De Agric. De Agricultura. De Plant. De Plantatione. De Ebr. De Ebrietate. De Confus. De Confusione Linguarum. De Migr. De Migratione Abrahami. Quis Rer. Div. Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres. De Cong. De Congressu Eruditorum Causa. De Fuga. De Fuga et Inventione. De Mut. Nom. De Mutatione Nominum. De Somn. De Somniis. De Abr. De Vita Abrahami. De Jos. De Vita Josephi. De V. Mos. De Vita Mosis. De Mon. De Monarchia. De Spec. Leg. De Specialibus Legibus. De Sac. De Sacerdotum Honoribus et de Victimis. De Leg. De Legatione ad Gaium. In Flacc. In Flaccum. De Decal. De Decalogo. De Septen. De Septenario. De Concupisc. De Concupiscentia. De Just. De Justitia. De Exsecr. De Exsecrationibus. Ant. Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews, tr. by Whiston. Bell. Jud. Wars of the Jews. C. Apion. Contra Apionem. Hist. Ecclesiast. Eusebius: Historia Ecclesiastica. Praep. Evang. Eusebius: Praeparatio Evangelica. Photius, Cod. Photius: Codex.
INDEX
Abraham (see Lives of Abraham and Joseph), 83; model of the excellent man, 244.
Agrippa (King), Philo's life covers reign of, 45; Philo in Jerusalem during reign of, 50; arrives at Alexandria, 65; advanced to Kingdom of Judea, 69; intercedes at Rome for his people, 69; death of, 70.
Alexander (the Great), a notable figure in Talmud, 13; settles Jews in Greek colonies, 14; result of his work, 23.
Alexander Lysimachus, Alabarch of Delta region, 46; guardian of Antony's daughter, 46; restored to honor after imprisonment, 70.
Alexandria, Jewish community at (see Jewish), 13 ff., 41, 42 f.; Jewish population of, under Ptolemy I, 15; meeting-place of civilizations, 14, 48, 95; centre of Jewish life, 15, 129; two sections occupied by Jews, 16; prosperity of Jews in, 21, 22, 32; anti-Semitic literature and influences in, 22, 62, 67, 74; Jewish tradition at, 27; synagogues at, 37; deputation to Jerusalem from, 41; rabbis flee to, 42; Agrippa finds a refuge at, 51, 65; mystical and ascetic ideas of people at, 55, 59; philosophical schools at, 63, 90, 92, 94, 140; development of Judaism in, 77, 255; Egyptian caste-system adopted at, 16; Jews of, popularize teachings of Bible, 34; Jews of, referred to, in Talmud, 42; Philo forced into Sanhedrin of, 61, 202, 203 f.; Philo member of, 61; disintegration of community at, 71; Zealots flee to, on fall of Jerusalem, 71; replaced by Babylon as centre of Jewish intellect, 73; Samaritans in, 106; antinomian movement in, 130; prototypes of Christian belief at, 155; Pythagorean influence at, 188; national life and culture undermined at (see National), 218.
Alexandrian, exegesis, characteristic of, 36; church, departs from Jewish standpoint, 72; Platonists, connection between Philo and later school of, 192; schools, relation of, to Palestinian, 199 f., 213; literature in the Dark and Middle Ages, 225 f.
Allegories of the Laws, an allegorical commentary, 74, 87 f.; attacks Stoic doctrines, 94; the Epistles, lineal descendants of, 247.
Angels, doctrine of, in Palestine, 140; Philo's treatment of, 150-1.
Antiochus Epiphanes, Palestine passes to, 17.
Anti-Semitic, party, Flaccus won over by, 65; literature and influences in Alexandria, 22, 62, 67, 74; party, punishment of, at Rome, 70.
Apion, a Stoic leader, 63; accuses Jews, 63, 67; Philo's references to, 63, 101; Josephus' reply to, 65.
Aquila, new Greek version of Old Testament made by, 224; rabbis' views of, 224.
Aristeas, spirit of, glorified in Philo, 77.
Aristobulus, first allegorist of Alexandria, 38; his spirit inherited by Philo, 77; on wisdom, 143; on the Word of God, 146; difference between Philo and, 168.
Artapanus, Jewish apologist, 77.
Assouan, Aramaic papyri at, 15.
Babylon, replaces Alexandria as centre of Jewish intellect, 73; Greek culture forgotten in, 224.
Bible, the, Philo's interpretation and views on, 49, 102, 108 ff.; Philo reveals spiritual message of, 83; authority of, challenged at Alexandria, 92; wisdom personified in, 141, 142.
Cabbalah, the, Essenes practitioners in, 233; Philo as the Hellenizer of, 235.
Caligula. See Gaius.
Chaldean, thought, Philo's acquaintance with, 48.
Christian, monastic communities, 73; heresy, a severance from main community, 72; theologians, fail to realize spirit of Philo, 124; reformers, and the yoke of the law, 130; teachers preserve Philo's works, 156, 248; writers quote Philo, 223; apologists imitate allegorical method, 245.
Christianity, the movement towards, 28; rise of, 42; conflict with Judaism at Alexandria, 72; Philo's writings regarded as testimony to, 156; Philo's influence over religious philosophy of, 195.
Conversion to Judaism, in Egypt and Rome, 32.
Courage, tractate appended to Life of Moses, 75.
Creation of the World, description of, 83.
Croiset, criticism of Philo by, 90.
Decalogue, The, contents of, 83.
Derash, Philo a master of, 103.
Dreams of the Bible, classed with Allegories of the Laws, 74.
Dubnow, on Alexandrian Judaism, 129.
Egypt, Alexander's march to, 14; settlement of Jews in, 14; connection between Israel and, 14; visited by Plato, 15, 172; Diaspora in, after Jeremiah, 15; a favored home of the Jews, 21; conversion widespread in (see Rome), 32; Flaccus, governor of, 65; Jews of, under same rule as Palestine Jews, 15.
Egyptian, populace, Philo on, 62; thought, Philo's acquaintance with, 48.
Epistles, the Pauline, lineal descendants of Allegories of the Laws, 247; doctrines of the Logos in, 250.
Essenes, rise of, 34, 54; account of, in Philo's works, 78; type of the philosophical life, 79; practitioners in the Cabbalah, 233.
Flaccus, won over by Anti-Semites, 65; indifference of, to attacks of Jews, 66; recall of, 66; Philo on the persecutions of, 78.
Frankel Z., writes on Alexandrian-Jewish culture, 241.
Gaius (Roman Emperor), comes to the imperial chair, 65; Jews appeal directly to, 66; receives Jewish deputation, 67; death of, 69.
Greek philosophers, Philo's relation to, 48, 52; philosophy, Philo's influence on, 49, 191 f.; colonies, Alexander settles Jews in, 14.
Greek culture, various branches of, 47; the chief schools of, 48, 54; fertilizing influence of ideas of, 58; and Jewish Scripture, 76; neglected in Babylon, 224.
Haggadah, the, in Philo's works, 202, 207 f.; antiquity of, 209 f.; allegorical speculation in, 212.
Halakah, outcome of devotion to Torah, 99; Palestinian Jews determine, 105; observance of oral law standardized in, 126; relation of Philo to, 202 f.; differences between Alexandrian Sanhedrin and Palestinian, 203 f.; codification of, 207.
Hebrew, language, evidence of Philo's knowledge of, 49; included in barbarian languages, 97; Philo's derivations from, 50, 101; race, the three founders of, 110 f.; tradition, Philo follows, 159; mind, Professor Caird on, 167.
Hellenism, of Palestine, 24, 25; of Alexandria (see Greek culture), 25; influence of, in Palestine, 51; and the interpretation of the Bible, 254; New Testament, a combination of Hebraism and, 247; Christian theology a descent to a commoner, 254.
Hillel, Philo contemporary with, 45; shows expansion of Hebrew mind, 45; on chief lesson of Torah, 117, 118; spirit of, shared by Philo, 249.
Humanity, tractate appended to a Life of Moses, 75.
Incarnation, notion of, not Jewish, 166.
Indian, thought, Philo's acquaintance with, 48.
Isaac, See Lives of Isaac and Jacob, 83.
Israel, Philo's derivation of the name, 50, 138; God's special providence for, 77; the mission of, 206, 242.
Italy, Philo visits, 66.
Jacob, See Lives of Isaac and Jacob, 83.
Jeremiah, prophesies in Egypt, 14; heard by Plato, 15.
Jerusalem, Alexander's visit to, 14; Philo, on national centre at, 20, 41, 86; spiritual headship of, 41; special synagogues for Alexandrians in, 41; derivation of name of, 50; Philo's sojourn at, 50; downfall of, 71; Judaism at, 129.
Jesus, spread of his teaching, 245; his message compared with that of Philo, 245; preaching of, effect on Jewish attitude to life, 246; Paul sets up a new faith in, 251.
Jewish, community at Alexandria (see Alexandria), 13 ff., 72; temple at Elephantine, 15; kingdom reaches its height, 45; mind, religous conception of, 49, 137, 166; law and ceremony, elucidation of, 49; race, symbol of the unity of, 51; aspiration toward "freedom under the law," 124; influences, dominant in Philo, 133, 189; philosophy, eclectic, 168; philosophy, new school of in Middle Ages, 225 f.
Joseph (see Lives of Abraham and Joseph), 83; as Egyptian statesman, 23.
Josephus, on Onias and Dositheus, 18; inconsistent accounts of Onias temple, 19; on Egyptian Jews, 20; account of Herod's temple by, 41; writes a reply to Apion, 65; description of Gaius' conduct to Jewish deputation, 68; on the spreading of Judaism, 115; indicates communication between schools of Alexandria and Palestine, 220; relation to Philo and his works, 222.
Jowett, on sermons, 90.
Judaism, genius of, 46, 196; Philo's exposition of, 52, 74, 78, 81, 84, 105; Philo protests against desecration of, 258; mysticism in, 58; philosophical, 72, 230; Alexandrian development of, 77, 92; moral teachings of, 85; religion of the law, 106, 116, 260; Josephus on the spreading of, 115; a religion of universal validity, 121, 169; at Jerusalem and Alexandria, 129; catholic conscience of, 130, 131; Darmesteter on, 132; Logos doctrine and, 165; danger of union with Gentiles to, 206; a national culture, 219; influences of Jesus and Paul on, 247; Hellenistic interpretation of the Bible and, 254.
Judas Maccabaeus, struggles against Hellenizing party, 18.
Krochmal, Nachman, criticism of Philo, 240.
Life of Moses, contents of, 75, 79 f.; an attempt to set monotheism before the world, 80; tractates appended to, 75.
Lives of Abraham and Joseph, description of, 83.
Lives of Isaac and Jacob, contents of, 83.
Logos, 143 ff.; its relation to God's Providence, 143; meaning of, 144-164, 148; Aristobulus on, 146; regarded as the effluence of God, 149; spoken of as a person, 156; the soul, an image of, 178; development of Philo's doctrine of, 192.
Maimonides, object of his Moreh, 91; principles of, 99, 229; comparison of Philo with, 229 f.
Mark Antony, Alexander Lysimachus in the confidence of, 46.
Monastic communities, supposed record of Christian, in Philo, 73.
Moses, Philo a follower of, 60, 113 f.; Philo's ideal type, 79 f.; Philo, as interpreter of his revelation, 104, 106 f. See Life of Moses.
National, centre at Jerusalem, Philo on, 20, 41, 86; life undermined at Rome and Alexandria, 218.
Old Testament, Septuagint translation of, 25-30; Aquila's new Greek version of, 224.
Onias, leader of army of Egyptian monarch, 18; successor to high priesthood, 18; builds temple, 18, 19 f.; temple of, dismantled, 71; Jewish writers silent about work of, 19.
Oral law, observance of, standardized in the Halakah, 126.
Origen, distinguishes three methods of interpretation, 76; teacher of Patristic school, 195; imitates Philo, 186.
Palestine, struggle for, between Ptolemies and Seleucids, 17; Hellenism of, compared with that of Athens, 24, 25; rabbis of, 28; Philo visits, 50; effect of Hellenic influence in, 54; New Moon a solemn day in, 121; aims of Jewish thought in, 140; doctrine of angels in, 140.
Palestinian Jews, under same rule as Egyptian Jews, 15; rabbis, oral tradition, 34; development of Jewish culture, 42 f., 200; Midrash, Philo's acquaintance with, 52; schools, relation existing between Alexandrian and, 199 f., 203 f., 213.
Paul, the most commanding of the apostles, 247; influence of, compared with that of Jesus, 247; rejection of the Torah by, 248; sets up a new faith in Jesus, 251.
Pentateuch, Samaritan doctrines with reference to, 106.
Peshat, as a form of interpretation, 103.
Philo, contemporary with Herod, 45, 50; family of, 46; works of 74 ff.; philosophical training of, 49; flees from Alexandria, 60; meeting of Peter and Mark with, 73; forced into Sanhedrin of Alexandria, 61; writings of, regarded as testimony to Christianity, 73, 156; influence of, over Christian religious philosophy, 195, 242 ff.; relation of, to Greek philosophers, 48, 52; acquaintance of, with Chaldean and Indian thought, 48; his interpretation and views of the Bible, 49, 102, 108 ff.; evidence of his knowledge of Hebrew language, 49; follows Hebrew tradition, 159, 199 ff.; compared with Spinoza, 73, 134, 163; on persecutions of Sejanus and Flaccus, 62, 78; replies to attacks of stoics, 64, 95; stoics' view of God compared with that of, 185; goes to Italy, 66; refers to Apion, 63, 101; Josephus' knowledge of the works of, 222; Christian teachers preserve works of, 156, 247; relation of, to the Halakah, 202 f.; comparison of Maimonides with, 229 f.; doctrine of the Logos (see Logos), 144 ff.; connection between Saadia and, 226 f.; the Hellenizer of the Cabbalah, 235; opposed to missionary attitude of Paul, 249.
Plato, hears Jeremiah, 15; Philo's style reminiscent of, 48; conception of the Law in, 131; Philo's philosophy compared with that of, 170 ff.; dominant philosophical principle of, 174; a mystic, 230; conception of God in, 254.
Ptolemies, the: Ptolemy I, increases number of Jewish inhabitants in Alexandria, 15; IV, gives Heliopolis to Onias, 16; admirers of Scriptures, 23.
Questions and Answers to Genesis and Exodus, now incomplete, 75, 81 f.; a preliminary study to more elaborate works, 81; Hebraic in form, 82.
Repentance, tractate appended to Life of Moses, 75.
Rome, Alexandria second to, 14; conversion widespread in (see Egypt), 32; Agrippa an exile from, 51; power of Jews at, 62; Jewish struggle with, 220; Philo's apocryphal meeting with Peter at, 73; national life and culture undermined at (see National), 218.
Saadia, founds new school of Jewish philosophy, 225 f.; connection between Philo and, 226 f.
Samaritan, doctrines with reference to Pentateuch, 106; Jew, story of, 98.
Sanhedrin, Hillel, president of, 45; Philo forced into Alexandrian, 61; duties of members of, 61; of Alexandrian community, 202; of Jerusalem and capital punishment, 203; differences between Palestinian Halakah and Alexandrian, 203 f.
Sejanus, Tiberius falls under influence of, 62; Antonia opponent of, 62; Philo's book on persecution of, 62, 78; disgrace and death of, 65.
Septuagint, Hellenistic development marked by, 25; Philo's version of origin of, 26; celebrations in honor of, 27; infusion of Greek philosophic ideas into, 28; Christianizing influence of, 29; value of, to the cultured Gentile, 33; replaced by new Greek version of Old Testament, 224.
Solomon, Wisdom of, written at Alexandria, 31.
Specific Laws, The, description of, 83; socialism of Bible emphasized in, 86.
Spinoza, his ideal of life, 53; compared with Philo's, 73, 134, 163, 239; on Jewish thought, 137; influenced by Philo, 237 ff.; approaches Bible from critical standpoint, 239.
Stoics, the chief Anti-Semites, 63; Philo replies to attacks of, 64, 95; in conflict with Jews at Alexandria, 94; beliefs of, 64, 94, 116, 176; view of God compared with that of Philo, 185.
Synagogues, at Alexandria, 16, 37.
Tiberius Alexander, nephew of Philo, 71.
Tradition, Jewish, at Alexandria, 27; Philo and Jewish, 199 ff.
Zealots, flight of, to Alexandria, 71.
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 1: Comp. Leviticus Rabba 13.]
[Footnote 2: Comp. Josephus, Ant. IX. 1.]
[Footnote 3: Sukkah 51^{b}.]
[Footnote 4: Quoted by Josephus, Ant. XIV. 7.]
[Footnote 5: Ant. XII. 5, 9, XX. 10.]
[Footnote 6: Josephus, Bell. Jud. VII. 10.]
[Footnote 7: Comp. the passages in the "Antiquities" above and the Bell. Jud. V. 5.]
[Footnote 8: Menahot 109, Abodah Zarah 52^{b}.]
[Footnote 9: De Leg. II. 578.]
[Footnote 10: Comp. De Mon. I. 5.]
[Footnote 11: Dr. Hirseh, in The Jews' College Jubilee Volume, p.39.]
[Footnote 12: Menahot 119.]
[Footnote 13: Comp. Ant. XIV. 14-16.]
[Footnote 14: Ant. XVI. 7.]
[Footnote 15: Philo, In Flacc. 6.]
[Footnote 16: C. Apion. II. 5.]
[Footnote 17: I have used the word anti-Semite because, though the hatred at Alexandria was not racial, but national, it has now become synonymous with Jew-hater generally.]
[Footnote 18: Quoted in C. Apion. I. 22.]
[Footnote 19: De V. Mos. II. 6, 7.]
[Footnote 20: See p. 22, above.]
[Footnote 21: Preface to Ecclesiasticus.]
[Footnote 22: Tract. Soferim I. 7.]
[Footnote 23: Tanhuma [Hebrew: ki tsha]]
[Footnote 24: See p. 23, above.]
[Footnote 25: Orac. Sib., ed. Alexandre, III. 8.]
[Footnote 26: Ibid., III. 195.]
[Footnote 27: Comp. Strabo, Frag. 6, Didot.]
[Footnote 28: De Post.C. 24.]
[Footnote 29: De V. Mos. II. 28.]
[Footnote 30: Comp. De Decal. 20.]
[Footnote 31: Comp. Yer. Berakot 24c.]
[Footnote 32: Praep. Evang. VIII. 10, XIII. 12.]
[Footnote 33: Comp. De Abr. 15 and 37, De Jos. II. 63, De Spec. Leg. III. 32, De Migr. 89.]
[Footnote 34: Quod Deus 11, De Abr. 36.]
[Footnote 35: Comp. Acts of the Apostles VI. 9, and Tosef. Meg. III. 6.]
[Footnote 36: Yoma 83^{a}.]
[Footnote 37: Bell. Jud. V. 5.]
[Footnote 38: Comp. Niddah 69^{b}, Sotah 47^{a}.]
[Footnote 39: "Heroes and Hero-Worship," ch. 3.]
[Footnote 40: Ant. XIX. 5.]
[Footnote 41: Photius, Cod. 108.]
[Footnote 42: Comp. De Confus. 15.]
[Footnote 43: Comp. De Mon. I. 6.]
[Footnote 44: Comp. Maimonides, Moreh II, ch. 36.]
[Footnote 45: L.A. I. 135.]
[Footnote 46: Comp. De Cong. 6 ff.]
[Footnote 47: Comp. Croiset, Histoire de la litterature grecque, V, pp. 425 ff.]
[Footnote 48: Comp. Mills, "Zoroaster, Philo, and Israel."]
[Footnote 49: Comp. Quis Rer. Div. 43, De Judice II, De V. Mos. II. 4.]
[Footnote 50: Ritter, Philon und die Halacha.]
[Footnote 51: Comp. De V. Mos. I. 1, In Flacc. 23 and 33, De Mut. Nom. 39.]
[Footnote 52: Praep. Evang. VIII. v.]
[Footnote 53: De Mon. II. 1-3.]
[Footnote 54: Comp. Bell. Jud. VI. 9. 3.]
[Footnote 55: Comp. De V. Mos. II. 4.]
[Footnote 56: De Spec. Leg. III. 1.]
[Footnote 57: Comp. De Migr. 4, L.A. III. 45.]
[Footnote 58: Comp. Graetz, "History of the Jews" III. 91 ff.]
[Footnote 59: Comp. Quod Omnis Probus Liber 11 ff.]
[Footnote 60: The authenticity of this book is elaborately discussed by Conybeare in his edition of it.]
[Footnote 61: "Ethics of the Fathers" VI. 4.]
[Footnote 62: De Mundi Op. I. 42.]
[Footnote 63: Comp. De Migr. 6 ff.]
[Footnote 64: L.A. II. 21.]
[Footnote 65: De Fuga 7 ff.]
[Footnote 66: Comp. De Spec. Leg. II. 260.]
[Footnote 67: Comp. De Cherubim 9.]
[Footnote 68: De Migr. 7-9.]
[Footnote 69: II, ch. 36 ff.]
[Footnote 70: Comp. De Spec. Leg. III. 1.]
[Footnote 71: Massebieau, Du classement des oeuvres de Philon.]
[Footnote 72: In Flacc. 5.]
[Footnote 73: Comp. Th. Reinach, Textes d'auteurs romains et grecs relatifs au Judaisme, pp. 120 ff.]
[Footnote 74: Comp. De Confus., passim.]
[Footnote 75: Josephus, C. Apion., Introduction.]
[Footnote 76: In Flacc. 10.]
[Footnote 77: De Leg. 27 and 28.]
[Footnote 78: Ant. XVIII. 8. 1.]
[Footnote 79: De Leg., ad fin.]
[Footnote 80: Ant. XIX. 5.]
[Footnote 81: Frag, preserved by John of Damascus, p. 404.]
[Footnote 82: Comp. Ant. XX. 5.]
[Footnote 83: Comp. Massebieau, op. cit.]
[Footnote 84: Comp. Bernays, Ueber die unter Philos Werken stehenden Schriften [Greek: peri tes aphtharsias Kosmou], and Siegfried, art. "Philo" in the Jewish Encyclopedia.]
[Footnote 85: Quod Deus 86.]
[Footnote 86: Quod Omnis Probus Liber 12 ff.]
[Footnote 87: De V. Mos. I. 1.]
[Footnote 88: De V. Mos. II. 5.]
[Footnote 89: "On Repentance," II.]
[Footnote 90: Comp. Treitel, Agadah bei Philo. Monatsschrift, 1909.]
[Footnote 91: De Abr. 12.]
[Footnote 92: Comp. Bereshit Rabba 47.]
[Footnote 93: De Sac. et Victimis 5 and 6.]
[Footnote 94: De Mon. II. 3 ff.]
[Footnote 95: Comp. Plato, Rep. V, ad fin.]
[Footnote 96: De Exsecr. II. 587.]
[Footnote 97: De Abr. 3.]
[Footnote 98: Comp. L.A. II. 4.]
[Footnote 99: L.A. I. 1.]
[Footnote 100: Comp. Freudenthal, Hellenistische Studien.]
[Footnote 101: Croiset, op. cit. V, p. 427.]
[Footnote 102: Comp. De Cherubim, passim.]
[Footnote 103: Comp. Zohar III.]
[Footnote 104: De Cherubim, 9 and 14, De Somn. 8.]
[Footnote 105: De Migr. 12.]
[Footnote 106: De Post. C. 22.]
[Footnote 107: Midrash Esther I.]
[Footnote 108: Comp. De Sac. II. 245.]
[Footnote 109: Comp. De Migr. 32.]
[Footnote 110: Comp. De Post C, 11.]
[Footnote 111: Quaestiones in Gen. III. 33.]
[Footnote 112: De Cong. 10.]
[Footnote 113: Comp. Berakot 51^{b}, De Agric. 12, De Somn. II. 25.]
[Footnote 114: De Confus. 38.]
[Footnote 115: De Mut. Nom. 8.]
[Footnote 116: Comp. Bereshit Rabba 64.]
[Footnote 117: De Somn. I. 16 and 17.]
[Footnote 118: Comp. "Ethics of the Fathers" V. 25.]
[Footnote 119: Comp. De Somn. I. 13.]
[Footnote 120: De Mut. Nom. 9.]
[Footnote 121: De Somn. I. 5.]
[Footnote 122: Berakot 10^{a}.]
[Footnote 123: De Cong. 12.]
[Footnote 124: De Cong. 14.]
[Footnote 125: "Theologico-Political Tractate" VII.]
[Footnote 126: De Abr. 19.]
[Footnote 127: De Mon. II. 6.]
[Footnote 128: Harvard Studies, "Hellenism and Hebraism."]
[Footnote 129: Comp. Schechter, "Aspects of Rabbinic Theology," p. 119.]
[Footnote 130: Comp. De V. Mos. II. 9 and 10, III. 1.]
[Footnote 131: L.A. I. 2.]
[Footnote 132: Comp. De Mundi Op. 2.]
[Footnote 133: Comp. p. 85, above.]
[Footnote 134: Comp. L.A. I, passim.]
[Footnote 135: L.A. III. 12.]
[Footnote 136: De Post. C. 11.]
[Footnote 137: De Abr. 3 ff.]
[Footnote 138: Ibid. 6-10.]
[Footnote 139: The LXX renders the verse Gen. iv. 26, which is translated in the Authorized Version: "Then began men to call upon the name of the Lord," [Greek: outos elpisen epi ton ton olon patera] i.e., "He hoped in the Father of all."]
[Footnote 140: Quod Det. 38.]
[Footnote 141: De Jos. 21.]
[Footnote 142: De Jos. 22.]
[Footnote 143: De Jos. 42.]
[Footnote 144: Hist. Ecclesiast. II. 18, 1.]
[Footnote 145: De V. Mos. III. 4 ff.]
[Footnote 146: De V. Mos. II. 3.]
[Footnote 147: De V. Mos. II. 5, Josephus, C. Apion. II. 37.]
[Footnote 148: Comp. Horace, Satires I. 4, 138; I. 9, 60.]
[Footnote 149: Frag. preserved in Josephus, Ant. XIV. 7.]
[Footnote 150: Comp. Reinach, op. cit., p. 262.]
[Footnote 151: De V. Mos. II. 3.]
[Footnote 152: "Ethics of the Fathers" I. 17.]
[Footnote 153: De Fuga 6.]
[Footnote 154: De Decal. 12.]
[Footnote 155: De Decal. 23.]
[Footnote 156: De Septen. 9.]
[Footnote 157: Kiddushin 20^{a}.]
[Footnote 158: De Decal. 20.]
[Footnote 159: De Septen. 7.]
[Footnote 160: De Septen. 6.]
[Footnote 161: Ch. 2. 31.]
[Footnote 162: Comp. De Migr. 23.]
[Footnote 163: De Septen. 1. 2.]
[Footnote 164: De Septen. 18 ff.]
[Footnote 165: De Concupisc. 1-3.]
[Footnote 166: Comp. De Just. II. 360.]
[Footnote 167: Ch. 16.]
[Footnote 168: I have taken this translation and that on the next page from Mr. Claude Montefiore's Florilegium Philonis. Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. VII.]
[Footnote 169: Comp. De Ebr. 40, and De Spec. Leg. II. 414.]
[Footnote 170: De Leg. II. 574.]
[Footnote 171: Essais, Les Prophetes d'Israel.]
[Footnote 172: Frag. cited by Porphyry, De Abstinentia II. 25.]
[Footnote 173: De Cong. 10.]
[Footnote 174: Comp. Schechter, "Aspects of Rabbinic Theology," pp. 21 ff.]
[Footnote 175: L.A. I. 7.]
[Footnote 176: L.A. I. 14.]
[Footnote 177: De Confus. 2, De Post. C. 5.]
[Footnote 178: Comp. De Somn. I. 11, De Mut. Nom. 4.]
[Footnote 179: Caird, "Life of Spinoza" II.]
[Footnote 180: De Mon. I. 5.]
[Footnote 181: Comp. "The Authorised Prayer Book." p. 78.]
[Footnote 182: Quod Deus 23.]
[Footnote 183: De Mundi Op. 5.]
[Footnote 184: L.A. III. 24.]
[Footnote 185: De Somn. II. 38.]
[Footnote 186: L.A. III. 24.]
[Footnote 187: See p. 77, above.]
[Footnote 188: L.A. I. 3.]
[Footnote 189: De Plant. 7, Quod Det. 31.]
[Footnote 190: De Cherubim 35.]
[Footnote 191: L.A. II. 70.]
[Footnote 192: De Cherubim 32, De Somn. II, 56.]
[Footnote 193: De Post. C. 11.]
[Footnote 194: Essay on the Talmud.]
[Footnote 195: Bereshit Rabba 21, and Yalkut 26.]
[Footnote 196: Comp. De Plant. 30.]
[Footnote 197: Comp. Ḥagigah 14.]
[Footnote 198: Quoted by Euseb., op. cit. XIII. 8.]
[Footnote 199: De Decal. 11.]
[Footnote 200: De Mundi Op. 24.]
[Footnote 201: Ibid. 20.]
[Footnote 202: De Migr. 9.]
[Footnote 203: De Decal. 11.]
[Footnote 204: De Somn. II. 37.]
[Footnote 205: De Somn. I. 23.]
[Footnote 206: Comp. De Somn. II. 11.]
[Footnote 207: De Somn. I. 22.]
[Footnote 208: Comp. Ḥagigah 14^{a}.]
[Footnote 209: Quod Deus 26 and 32.]
[Footnote 210: De Confus. 14.]
[Footnote 211: De Gigant. 2.]
[Footnote 212: "Ethics of the Fathers" III.]
[Footnote 213: Comp. Schechter, op. cit., "The Law as Personified in Literature."]
[Footnote 214: Comp. L.A. III. 73, De Somn. II. 33.]
[Footnote 215: De Cong. 31.]
[Footnote 216: De Confus. 14, Fragments I, L.A. III. 23, Quis Rer. Div. 42, De Gigant. 12.]
[Footnote 217: Comp. Graetz, "Gnosticism and Judaism," pp. 15 ff.]
[Footnote 218: Comp. De Cherubim 14 and 17, De Gigant. 12.]
[Footnote 219: Drummond, "Philo-Judaeus and the Jewish Hellenistic School," vol. II.]
[Footnote 220: De Somn. I. 32, De Confus. 14, L.A. III. 25, De V. Mos. III. 14.]
[Footnote 221: L.A. III. 73.]
[Footnote 222: De Sacrif. 38.]
[Footnote 223: Quis Rer. Div. 42.]
[Footnote 224: De Plant. 21.]
[Footnote 225: L.A. III.]
[Footnote 226: De Cherubim 9.]
[Footnote 227: De Abr. 24 and 25.]
[Footnote 228: De Fuga 18.]
[Footnote 229: L.A. II.]
[Footnote 230: L.A. I. 13, II. 15, Quis Rer. Div. 53.]
[Footnote 231: Comp. De Decal., ad fin.]
[Footnote 232: L.A. I. 20, De Fuga 12.]
[Footnote 233: De Mundi Op. 54, De Fuga 11.]
[Footnote 234: "The Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers" VIII.]
[Footnote 235: Plato, "Laws" 718.]
[Footnote 236: Comp. Bk. 12 of the Praep. Evang.]
[Footnote 237: Quoted by Suidas, s.v. Philo.]
[Footnote 238: De Mundi Op. 43.]
[Footnote 239: De Victimis II. 260-262.]
[Footnote 240: Comp. p. 81, above.]
[Footnote 241: De Sacrif. 24, Quod Det. 24.]
[Footnote 242: De Mundi Op. 24.]
[Footnote 243: De Mundi Op. 4.]
[Footnote 244: De Somn. I. 4.]
[Footnote 245: De Victimis II. 260.]
[Footnote 246: Quod Deus 6, De Post. C. 5.]
[Footnote 247: Quod Det. 24, De Mundi Op. 45 and 51.]
[Footnote 248: L.A. I. 32, De Confus. 27.]
[Footnote 249: De Mon. II. 214, De Mundi Op. I. 16.]
[Footnote 250: De Mundi Op. 22 and 48, L.A. I. 13 and II. 12 ff.]
[Footnote 251: De Sacrif. 32.]
[Footnote 252: De Plant. 9.]
[Footnote 253: Quaestiones in Gen. II. 59.]
[Footnote 254: De Fuga 6.]
[Footnote 255: Quaestiones in Gen. IV. 140.]
[Footnote 256: De Cherubim 32.]
[Footnote 257: L.A. I. 15.]
[Footnote 258: L.A. II. 25.]
[Footnote 259: L.A. I. 11 ff., II. 12-14.]
[Footnote 260: De Cherubim 35.]
[Footnote 261: De Somn. I. 12.]
[Footnote 262: De Somn. I. 4.]
[Footnote 263: De Plant. 7.]
[Footnote 264: Quod Det. 31.]
[Footnote 265: De Migr. 8, De Spec. Leg. I. 9.]
[Footnote 266: L.A. I. 13.]
[Footnote 267: L.A. III. 13, 14.]
[Footnote 268: Quis Rer. Div. 53.]
[Footnote 269: De Mundi Op. 54.]
[Footnote 270: De Abr. 31.]
[Footnote 271: De Fuga 27.]
[Footnote 272: L.A. I. 32, II. 25.]
[Footnote 273: Comp. L.A. III. 45.]
[Footnote 274: Quod Det. 7.]
[Footnote 275: De Fuga 5 ff.]
[Footnote 276: De Mundi Op. 15, L.A. I. 46.]
[Footnote 277: De Decal. 6-8.]
[Footnote 278: Comp. Euseb., Praep. Evang. IX 411A.]
[Footnote 279: C. Celsum IV. 51.]
[Footnote 280: De Sectis Judaicis XVIII.]
[Footnote 281: Comp. Freudenthal, Hellenistische Studien, and Siegfried, Philo als Ausleger der hieligen Schrift.]
[Footnote 282: Comp. Quis Rer. Div. XLIII, and Chapter II above.]
[Footnote 283: De Mon. II. 212.]
[Footnote 284: Hist. Ecclesiast. II. iv. 2.]
[Footnote 285: Comp. Graetz, "History" II. xviii.]
[Footnote 286: Comp. Chapter I, p. 17, above.]
[Footnote 287: De Spec. Leg. II. 260.]
[Footnote 288: De Spec. Leg. III. 17.]
[Footnote 289: Ibid. II. 6.]
[Footnote 290: De Parentibus Colendis 56.]
[Footnote 291: Comp. Sifre Debarim 237.]
[Footnote 292: De Spec. Leg. IV.]
[Footnote 293: De Spec. Leg. III. 36.]
[Footnote 294: De Spec. Leg. III. 33 and 34.]
[Footnote 295: Moreh Nebukim III, ch. 39.]
[Footnote 296: Fragmenta ex Antonio II. 672.]
[Footnote 297: De Spec. Leg. III. 5, II. 304, 305.]
[Footnote 298: Deut. vii. 3, and Abodah Zarah 36^{b}.]
[Footnote 299: De Spec. Leg. III. 5, II. 304.]
[Footnote 300: De Septen. 5 ff.]
[Footnote 301: See Chapter IV, p. 125, above.]
[Footnote 302: Mishnah Rosh Hashanah III. 8, and Philo, De Somn. II. 11.]
[Footnote 303: Comp. Agadah bei Philo, by Treitel, Monatsschrift, 1909.]
[Footnote 304: Comp. Bereshit Rabba 16, 4.]
[Footnote 305: Comp. Taylor's edition.]
[Footnote 306: De Plant. 30.]
[Footnote 307: It is impossible for me to make an adequate acknowledgment of my debt to Dr. Schechter, President of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. But I should say that I have borrowed freely from his articles on rabbinic theology in the Jewish Quarterly Review, vols. VI and VII, now included in his "Aspects of Rabbinic Theology."]
[Footnote 308: Mishnah Yodayim III. 5.]
[Footnote 309: Bereshit Rabba 26. 7.]
[Footnote 310: Comp. Schechter, op. cit., Introduction.]
[Footnote 311: Berakot 24^{b}.]
[Footnote 312: Mekilta [Hebrew: kshla] I. 1.]
[Footnote 313: Bereshit Rabba I. 2.]
[Footnote 314: Pirke R. Eliezer III.]
[Footnote 315: Comp. Poems, II, p. 25.]
[Footnote 316: Moreh II, ch. 70.]
[Footnote 317: Eccles. III. 15.]
[Footnote 318: Ḥagigah 14 ff., Sanhedrin 37^{a}.]
[Footnote 319: Bereshit Rabba 4.]
[Footnote 320: Menaḥot 99.]
[Footnote 321: Mishnah Sanhedrin II. 1.]
[Footnote 322: Ḥagigah 15^{b}.]
[Footnote 323: Bereshit Rabba 36. 8.]
[Footnote 324: Ant. III. 2.]
[Footnote 325: De V. Mos. II. 12.]
[Footnote 326: Comp. Ant. XVIII. 8. 1.]
[Footnote 327: Comp. "Ethics of the Fathers" VI. 6.]
[Footnote 328: See Epstein, Philon et le Midrasch Tadsche, Revue des Etudes Juives, XXI, p. 80.]
[Footnote 329: Yer. Meg. I. 71^{c}.]
[Footnote 330: Comp. an article by Dr. Poznanski in the Revue des Etudes Juives, 1905, Philo dans l'ancienne litterature judeo-arabe, pp. 10 ff.]
[Footnote 331: Comp. Poznanski, op. cit., p. 27.]
[Footnote 332: Moreh II. ch. 1 ff.]
[Footnote 333: Ibid. 31.]
[Footnote 334: Ibid. 31.]
[Footnote 335: Moreh III. 43 ff.]
[Footnote 336: Comp. Ginzberg, art. "Cabbalah," Jewish Encyclopedia.]
[Footnote 337: Comp. Taylor's "Ethics of the Fathers," ch. 5, notes.]
[Footnote 338: De Cherubim 12 and 14. Comp. De Somn. I. 8.]
[Footnote 339: Comp. De Somn. I. 12.]
[Footnote 340: Comp. De Fuga 9.]
[Footnote 341: Comp. Hort, Introduction to Clement's [Greek: Etromateis].]
[Footnote 342: Ed. Cassel, pp. 4 and 15^{b}.]
[Footnote 343: Comp. Imre Binah. Meor Einayim, ch. 30.]
[Footnote 344: Comp. J.A. Stewart, "Myths of Plato," ad fin.]
[Footnote 345: Comp. "Theologico-Political Tractate" XV.]
[Footnote 346: Comp. De Humanitate II. 395.]
[Footnote 347: De V. Mos. II. 1-5.]
[Footnote 348: Comp. De Mon. II. 6.]
[Footnote 349: De Just. 6.]
[Footnote 350: Comp. De Nobilitate 6.]
[Footnote 351: Bamidbar Rabba 8.]
[Footnote 352: Tanḥuma to Debarim.]
[Footnote 353: Comp. Pesaḥim 87^{b}.]
[Footnote 354: De Exsecr. 6. II. 433.]
[Footnote 355: Comp. Montefiore, Jewish Quarterly Review, VI, p. 428.]
[Footnote 356: Epistle to the Romans V.]
[Footnote 357: Epistle to the Galatians III. 10.]
[Footnote 358: Comp. Chapter IV, above, p. 126.]
[Footnote 359: De Abr. 46.]
[Footnote 360: Comp. Schechter, op. cit., Introduction.]
[Footnote 361: Comp. Mekilta 33^{a}, ed. Friedmann.]
[Footnote 362: Comp. L.A. III. 26, and Chapter V, above, p. 154.]
[Footnote 363: De Cherubim 12.]
[Footnote 364: Comp. Gibbon, "Decline of the Roman Empire," ch. 15.]
[Footnote 365: [Hebrew: 'monot vd'ot] III.]
* * * * *
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