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[Footnote 42: S. Pearson and Sons, Ltd., London.]
As to the textile industry, the cotton mills are amongst the foremost in the world, and their large capacity and splendidly-built factories are a source of surprise to the European or American traveller. A large number of these mills are actuated hydraulically or hydro-electrically. In 1907 there were 142 mills throughout the country in operation, employing 33,000 operatives, with 694,000 spindles, and 23,500 looms. Of these mills 35 are in Puebla, 12 in the Federal District, 11 in Coahuila, 14 in Vera Cruz, and the balance in the other states, whether upon the mesa central or upon the Atlantic or Pacific slopes. Among the most important of these industries may be named the Industrial Company of Orizaba, whose output in 1907 reached a value of 850,000 pounds sterling, with a profit of 255,000 pounds sterling to its French owners; the Vera Cruz Industrial Company, profit 84,000 pounds sterling; Atlixco Industrial Company, Puebla, French owners, profit 89,500 pounds sterling; San Antonio Abad Company, State of Mexico, Spanish owners, profit 8 per cent. paid in 1907 upon its capital of 350,000 pounds sterling; and numerous other lesser, but profitable concerns, scattered about the Republic. The amount of cotton used by the Mexican mills in 1907 was 36,700 metric tons, and the total value of the output was 5,168,000 pounds sterling. Thus is shown how important for Mexico is her textile industry.[43]
[Footnote 43: These figures of dividends are from the Mexican Year Book, 1908.]
Other enterprises are the Santa Gertrude's Jute Mills, and the Aurora Jute Mills; the San Ildenfonso Woollen Factory, the Mexico linen factory, silk factory and others—all of which are dividend-paying industries, of 7 to 12 per cent.
The cigarette factories of Mexico are among the best-equipped and largest in the world. The foremost of these are the "Buen Tono" factory, with a daily output of four to five million cigarettes; and the "Tabacalera," with a daily output of four million cigarettes. There are in addition 480 other factories throughout the Republic, and others for the manufacture of cheroots, cigars, snuffs, and cut tobacco. The Mexican products cannot, however, compete with the Cuban brands in favour as yet.
As to the sugar mills there are more than 2,000 of different magnitude in the country, the largest being in the States of Morelos, Vera Cruz, and Sinaloa, and these are equipped with modern appliances. The production of Mexican sugar for 1907 was 119,500 metric tons; of molasses 68,300 tons; and of rum 567,090 hectolitres.
Iron and Steel factories are represented mainly by those of Monterrey, owning extensive coal and iron deposits, and operating with a capital of 1,000,000 pounds sterling, founded in 1900. The rolling plant produced in 1906 structural iron, steel rails, bar iron, and wire to the amount of 24,500 metric tons. The company has suffered severe drawbacks, and this output represents but a quarter of its capacity; but it is expected that the enterprise will work its way on to financial success. The Encarnacion Iron Works, in the State of Hidalgo, which have been operating since 1850, produce bar iron of various kinds; and the Apulco Foundry, in the same state, turns out pig-iron, castings, and machinery. Other concerns are the San Miguel Iron Works, in the same State, and the Comanja Iron Works, of Guanajuato. All these four enterprises are owned by an Englishman.
Of Paper Mills the San Rafael factories in the State of Mexico are the leading enterprise. This is situated in a well-wooded and well-watered region near the foot of the snow-capped mountains, Ixtaccihuatl, and produces some 20,000 metric tons of paper per annum in much variety, from the finest to the cheapest kinds. The company owns large forest areas for pulp making; its capital is 700,000 pounds sterling, and it paid a dividend in 1907 of 8 per cent., it is stated.
An industry which has very recently come into being is that of extracting crude india-rubber from the guayule shrub, which abounds in a wild state over vast areas in the northern plains. There are more than twenty factories engaged in this new industry, and, in addition, quantities of the shrub are exported.
Other industries are the soap works of La Laguna, manufacturing soap and cotton-seed oil and cake from the products of this important cotton-growing district. A dynamite factory near the same region—at La Tinaja—operates under a special concession from the Government. A cement works at Hidalgo, of 50,000 tons annual capacity, has been started.
Breweries.—A number of breweries exist, as those in the capital, and at Monterrey, Toluca, Orizaba, Chihuahua, Guadalajara, Cuernavaca, &c;, and these generally produce good beer such as supplies the home demand in general, and has largely killed imports of the foreign kinds. Of flour mills 400 establishments supply flour, whilst the meat-packing and cold-storage business is represented by the Mexican National Packing Company, of British control, in Michoacan, the centre of a livestock industry. This is the only modern establishment of its kind. It was opened in 1908, and is an important enterprise.
The industrial census of 1902 gives a list of more than 5,500 manufactories, including sugar mills, distilleries, potteries, iron and steel works, chemical factories, chocolate factories, ice factories, paper mills, leather workers, and a host of others. Minor industries, performed in cottages and homes, occupy a large number of people, such as the making of hats, pottery, saddlery, linen-drawn work, and so forth. Special franchises and exemption are given by the Government for the establishing of new manufacturing industries, which are encouraged by the Department of Fomento, and the field is not without attraction for foreign capital.
Railways.—In the chapter dealing with the natural resources and conditions of the various states, some details of the railway system have been given. Mexico's railways have been the principal agency for her development, both political and commercial, for, on the one hand, they have rendered possible the swift suppression of revolutionary menace, and, on the other, they have fulfilled their function as means of communication for goods and passengers. No country has ever showed the effects of the steadying influence of railways so markedly as Mexico. The close communication with the United States, so rendered possible, and with the Gulf seaboard, has also contributed to this end, and the railways of Mexico may be looked upon as safeguards for stability in a considerable degree. I will now give a brief resume of the principal railway lines and their general conditions.
The first line to put Mexico in touch with the outside world was the Mexican Railway from Vera Cruz to the capital. This work, having been much aided by the Maximilian regime, was completed under President Lerdo, and inaugurated on January 1, 1873. The line is controlled by an English corporation, and the great engineering difficulties which were overcome, and the solidity of its construction, are such as are scarcely surpassed by any railway in the world, conditions which reflect credit upon its British constructors. The line is almost unique from a scenic point of view, ascending, as it does, from the Gulf Coast, among the stupendous mountain fastnesses of the Sierra Madre, to gain the great elevation of the plateau and the Valley of Mexico. The tropical regions passed through, and the rapid changes of climate encountered, as the train ascends, must be experienced to be understood, but the general character of the regions traversed has been fully set forth in these pages. One of the most remarkable places, from an engineering and scenic point of view, is the Maltrata summit, and only in a few places in the world—on the transandine or transalpine railways, or the Denver line—is it equalled. From the gained altitude the passenger looks down upon the town, spread like a chess-board, thousands of feet below, as the train plunges around dizzy barrancas, over iron bridges spanning profound canyons, or along the curving road-bed cut in the solid rock of the mountain side. The names of many of the points passed en route bring back memories of the Conquest, and of those Homeric men who passed that way nearly four centuries ago, as well as of the Toltec and Aztec periods. From tide-water at Vera Cruz, the line crosses the coastal plain and plunges into a tropical forest, whence it climbs to 2,713 feet at Cordova, 4,028 feet at Orizaba, amid a delightful climate and surroundings, 5,151 feet at Maltrata, 8,000 feet at Esperanza, and reaches its highest point at Acocotla, near San Marcos, an elevation of 8,310 feet above sea-level. This, of course, is not high in comparison with the transandine Oroya railway of Peru,[44] which—the highest in the world—reaches 15,666 feet. The Vera Cruz line descends from the summit of the Sierra Madre to the Valley and City of Mexico, past the plains of Otumba and San Juan Teotihuacan, reaching the capital at an elevation of 7,348 feet above sea-level. The length of the line from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico is 264 miles, and with its branches to Puebla and Pachuca, &c., 321 miles—all of standard gauge. The total share capital for a line of this mileage is heavy, the whole of the stock and shares reaching 7,820,780 pounds sterling. The general growth of Mexico's trade and the careful management of the line are causing an improvement in its financial condition. In January, 1902, a dividend of only 2-1/2 per cent. was paid upon the first preference stock, and nothing upon the second nor upon the ordinary shares, whilst an increase in the following years, through 6 per cent. and 8 per cent., accrued to the first, so that for the last half-year of 1907, 8 per cent.—its full rate—was paid upon the first preference stock, 5-3/4 on the second, and nothing on the ordinary shares. The returns at present are suffering from the results consequent upon the late financial crisis in the United States, which seriously affected Mexico.
[Footnote 44: See my "Peru."]
The Mexican Central is the next line in importance. It is a noteworthy feature of Mexico's relations in the middle of last century with its neighbour—the United States, that President Lerdo discouraged the idea of traversing the deserts of the great plateau with a railway, fearful of American political and commercial machinations, as showed by his famous axiom, which I have quoted elsewhere, relating to the intervening desert. To the broader outlook of President Diaz this line owes its being, upon a concession transferred to an Englishman, who was associated with American capitalists. A company was formed, and the railway—which was subsidised by the Government—was opened for traffic from the City of Mexico to the United States frontier at El Paso on March 22, 1884. To-day, with its numerous branches, one of which runs eastwardly to the Gulf Coast at Tampico, and another, westwardly to Guadalajara and beyond, with yet another to Cuernavaca, it is a large system of 3,823 miles. The construction was inferior to that of the Vera Cruz Railway, as it obeyed the cheaper and more rapid American method rather than the more enduring British. It is a standard gauge line. The route traversed by the main line of this railway adown the mesa central, for 1,225 miles, passes through vast areas of dry and treeless plains and among numerous squalid hamlets, and here the unlovely side of Mexican life and travel is laid bare to the traveller. Nevertheless, these conditions alternate with those of the handsome and extensive cities of the plateau and with the great mining regions, all of which—in point of interest and value—compensate for sterility elsewhere. As for the branch line from San Luis Potosi to Tampico, it passes through the same remarkable tropical zone as the Vera Cruz line. The mountain scenery upon this route is impressive, with dense woods and fertile valleys giving place to the great canyon of Tamasopo. The same panoramic character attends it, of luxuriant tropical conditions spread out 1,200 feet below the train, with rushing torrents, towering cliffs, and strange and varied topographic changes. The branch which runs westwardly towards the Pacific Ocean from the main line, passes through Guadalajara and descends the Western Sierra Madre towards Colima at Tuxpan. A short distance only remains to be constructed in order to give a completed route to Manzanillo—the port upon the Pacific coast, which will form the terminus of what will then constitute a new transcontinental route from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This is an exceedingly interesting journey, but a disastrous flood in 1906 set back the construction work. The branch line from the Mexican Central, which runs from the City of Mexico westwardly to the Balsas river, is destined ultimately to reach the famous seaport of Acapulco, on the Pacific Ocean. This port, indeed, is the best harbour on the Pacific coast of North America, after San Francisco in California. The line, however, is still far from reaching the coast. Cuernavaca, which is passed by this line, is some 75 miles from the capital, and the route lies through a scenic wonderland, reaching, at the summit of the Sierra Madre, an elevation of 10,000 feet above sea-level, and affording a magnificent view of the City and Valley of Mexico 2,500 feet below. Beautiful and historic, Cuernavaca was a home of Montezuma and a famous prehistoric centre until its capture by Cortes, and every Mexican traveller marks it as one of his objective points. The finances of the Mexican Central Railway have been in recent years often in an unsatisfactory state, and the consolidation of the line with the National Railway, under Government auspices, is expected to bring about a more favourable condition.
The National Railroad similarly traverses the great plateau, from Laredo, upon the United States border, to the City of Mexico. It was a subsidised narrow-gauge line, built under American auspices, and was opened for traffic in November, 1888. The inevitable widening of the gauge to standard size took place, and was completed in November, 1903. The length of the main line is 800 miles; the shortest route from the United States border to the capital. The Interoceanic Railway, a British company, which forms part of the consolidated system now, will give it a line to Vera Cruz, whilst, via the International Railway, it has communication westwardly to the important city of Durango. Another branch line runs to Matamoros, upon the Gulf of Mexico. The line also traverses a portion of Texas.
The Interoceanic Railway is a main line from the capital to Vera Cruz, passing through the town of Jalapa, amid a region famed for its beauty and unique tropical surroundings; and the line was constructed and operated by British interests. It embodies 736 miles of line. Its original concession was designed for powers to run to Acapulco, on the Pacific coast; hence the name of the railway; but it does not nearly reach the coast, although it descends into and serves the fertile and picturesque State of Morelos, connecting at Puente de Ixtla with the Mexican Central Railway. From that point a branch line runs to Puebla, the second or third important city of importance in Mexico; passing near the famous town of Cholula, of Aztec and Toltec remembrance. The Interoceanic is now merged into the new consolidation arrangement.
The International Railway runs also from the United States border, at Ciudad Porfirio Diaz, or Eagle Pass, across the great plateau to the city of Durango, as before mentioned, passing through important agricultural, manufacturing and coal-bearing regions.
The Hidalgo and North-Eastern is a narrow-gauge railway, 152 miles long, from the City of Mexico into the State of Hidalgo, and forms a part of the Mexican national system.
In the consolidation or fusion of the foregoing lines, that is to say, the Mexican Central, National, International, and Interoceanic, the Government has a dominating interest of 85 per cent. of the capital stock, and the control of this great system and company, now termed the "National Railways of Mexico," with an authorised capital of 615 million pesos, or 61,500,000 pounds sterling, will be mainly a State affair; and any profits accruing from the enterprise after payment of interest on bonds and dividends on preferred stock, will go to the Mexican nation.
The Tehuantepec Railway is a very important line, in that it forms a short transcontinental route across North America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans; and it may be expected to compete with the Panama Canal, in the carriage of passengers and freight. The distance from ocean to ocean in an air line is only 125 miles, and the line itself is only 192 miles long. This interesting route crosses the divortia aquarum, or water parting, of the continent at an elevation of only 730 feet above sea-level, at the Chivela Pass. The isthmus of Tehuantepec has been considered of geographical interest ever since the expeditions of Cortes discovered it. Projects both for a canal and a ship-railway have at different times during last century been brought forward to traverse it. The existing railway line was built in 1894, but its construction was faulty, and, moreover, the terminal ports, Coatzacoalcos on the Gulf side, and Salina Cruz on the Pacific side, were inadequate. In 1899 an English firm was called in by the Mexican Government; contracts entered into for the re-construction of the line, and the making of its terminal ports, all of which has been carried to completion; a work of endurancy, solidity, and utility being the result, which reflects credit on British methods generally and upon the contracting engineers in particular. This is the same firm[45] which carried out the great harbour works of Vera Cruz, and the drainage of the Valley of Mexico, and it has earned an enviable reputation in Mexico. The Tehuantepec Railway is 1,200 miles north of the Panama Coast, and may be expected to take a good deal of the United States and international transoceanic traffic, as it is nearest to the "axial line" of the world's commerce of any American isthmusian route. The railway is owned by the Mexican Government, but is worked by the British contractors in conjunction therewith under a partnership agreement. At Salina Cruz, the Pacific terminus, a fine harbour has been constructed at considerable cost; and a dry dock capable of holding vessels 600 feet long. The whole forms one of the most important seaports on the American Pacific coast, and reflects credit on its British constructors and on Mexican financial enterprise.
[Footnote 45: See p. 336.]
The Mexican Southern Railway is a narrow-gauge railway, 228 miles long, running from the city of Puebla to the city of Oaxaca, through the fertile region of Tehuacan. It was built by a British firm[46] of engineers, which later carried out an important part of the drainage works of the Valley of Mexico. The company is British, and the financial position of the enterprise, which had been one of difficulty formerly, has, under re-construction and the growing prosperity of the country, been enabled to double its earnings, and pay a dividend upon its ordinary stock.
[Footnote 46: Read, Campbell & Co., London.]
The Vera Cruz and Pacific Railway runs from Cordoba, an important town before mentioned, on the Mexican Railway to Vera Cruz, to Santa Lucrecia, on the Tehuantepec Railway; and is of much importance, as it links the general railway system of the Republic with the transisthmus line. In addition to this, it has a branch line to Vera Cruz, and so becomes a through route of travel from that port to the Pacific Ocean, via Tehuantepec. The road carried a Government subsidy and was financed in the United States, but due to inefficient management and the heavy work involved in construction, the company suspended payments in 1903, and the Government, in view of the strategic importance of the line, took the property off the hands of the company. The railway is now operated under Government auspices as an individual concern. It is standard gauge, its length being 201 miles for the Tehuantepec connection, and 62 miles for the Vera Cruz branch.
The Vera Cruz (Mexico) Railways—not to be confounded with the Mexican (Vera Cruz) Railway—is a narrow-gauge line 44 miles long, running from the port of Vera Cruz along the coast to Alvarado—named after the Conquistador—a port near the estuary of the Papaloapam river. This navigable river, as elsewhere described, extends inland and gives access to an important tropical region. A tributary of this river, the San Juan, is navigable for small craft for a distance of 177 miles from Alvarado, at San Juan Evangelista, whence a short railway line connects with the Tehuantepec Railway, thus completing a through service of travel. The railway company and its steamers form a British enterprise, controlled by the constructors of the Tehuantepec Railway.
In the peninsula of Yucatan are the United Railways of Yucatan, giving communication with the chief cities and ports of that region. The total length of line embodied in the three divisions of this system is 373 miles; and there is a line from Merida to Peto, of 145 miles.
Returning now to the north of the Republic; the Rio Grande, Sierra Madre, and Pacific Railway runs westwardly from Ciudad Juarez, or El Paso, for a distance of 159 miles. It is an American enterprise, and traverses some good agricultural and mineral regions, serving the prosperous Mormon colonies founded by Americans in the State of Chihuahua. It is designed some day to traverse the Sierra Madre and reach the Pacific Ocean.
The Kansas City, Mexico and Orient is an important undertaking which, when it is concluded, will give a transcontinental route, from the railway system of the United States via Chihuahua, to a port on the Pacific Ocean—that of Topolobampo, on the Gulf of California. The length of the Mexican portion of the line is 634 miles, of which 332 are constructed. It opens up a vast new region of Western Mexico, and should be of growing importance, and of international service. It is an American enterprise, with British and Mexican associations. Connected with it is the Chihuahua and Pacific Railway.
The Sonora Railway runs from Nogales on the United States border, to the port of Guaymas on the Gulf of California, as described elsewhere, with a length of 265 miles. In connection with this railway, and with the Southern Pacific Railway of the United States, railway building in Western Mexico is projected by American capitalists, over routes already surveyed, for a length of more than 4,000 miles, portions of which are to be subsidised by the Mexican Government.
The Pan-American railway, as its name implies, is projected for the purpose of uniting North and South America by rail, its ultimate destination being Panama. At present the portion under construction is for linking the general system of the Republic with the isolated system of Yucatan, and thence to the frontier of Guatemala. The distance from its starting-point at San Geronimo on the Tehuantepec line, to the Panama Canal, is 1,650 miles; and the line is to form a link in the great project of a rail route from New York to Buenos Ayres. It is an American enterprise.
There are numerous other short lines throughout Mexico, serving mineral and agricultural regions, whether under Mexican, British, American, or other ownership, giving a total length of existing Mexico railways, of 14,180 miles. Thus it is shown that Mexico is covered with a network of railways, connected with each other and with the system of the United States, throughout the great length of her territory from north to south, and crossing from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean—in practically two instances—one completed and in operation, the other nearing completion. The new railway laws of Mexico will prevent undue competition and the duplicating of existing lines; and the Republic's railways ought in the future to be of developing value, in view of the considerable resources of the territory which they traverse, and of their geographical importance.
In brief, the commercial and industrial life of Mexico is young but full of promise, and has entered upon a course whose present surroundings seem favourable and well founded.
CHAPTER XVII GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
Mexico's unique conditions—Her future—Asiatic immigrants—Fostering of the native race—Encouraging of immigration—The white man in the American tropics—Future of Mexican manufactures—The Pan-American Congress—Pan-American railway—Mexico and Spain—The Monroe Doctrine— Mexico, Europe, and the United States—Promising future of Mexico.
The foregoing study of the Republic of Mexico shows that the country and its inhabitants embody some unique conditions. Geographically its situation is important, geologically and topographically it contains much that is remarkable; whilst, historically, the ancient civilisation which dwelt there, and the strenuous happenings upon its soil since the advent of the Europeans, mark it out specially from the rest of the American world. As to its flora and fauna, even they present a curious transition stage between North and South America; whilst its human races form the most remarkable blending of peoples to be found in the New World.
So varied a set of conditions naturally cause the student to inquire as to the probable value of Mexico as a factor in civilisation. The European observer of American States criticises these from a special standpoint. America, as a new world, has had a unique opportunity for making a step forward in the things which should be for the good of mankind, and an account of their stewardship naturally forms part of a study of these new nations.
Mexico must now be classed as a modern nation, fulfilling an orderly destiny. As such it must of necessity have some voice in international matters, and among the nations of the New World the Republic has already lifted up its voice in questions of American affairs. The attitude of Mexico in world-politics is not without interest. Her geographical situation midway between the two great oceans of the world, the Atlantic and the Pacific, and between the two vast continents of the Americas, is one of considerable commercial and strategic value. That part of her territory known as the isthmus of Tehuantepec has not inaptly been termed "the bridge of the world's commerce," as elsewhere mentioned, and as such, indeed, it may play an important part, analogous to that of the Panama Canal, being, as it is, more than a thousand miles nearer to the world's great populations and the trade route of commerce than that famous isthmus. Mexico states that she looks towards Asia with equal favour as towards Europe, and geographically she may do so indeed. But this is a sentiment which—except in the mere matter of buying and selling—time will show to be untenable. Mexico is a "European" state, in character, tradition, and civilisation; and she, in common with all Latin America, must continue largely to draw her inspirations, and to augment her population from old Europe, not from Asia; nor, indeed, save in certain respects, from her Anglo-American neighbour, the United States.
A greater population, and of a higher calibre, is one of Mexico's chief desiderata. The introduction of Asiatics is permitted and even encouraged at present, but it is impossible that a growing enlightenment will permit this to continue. It must be disastrous to a country to admit Asiatics to permanent habitation in quantities, and such can only be done in obedience to dictates of a selfish nature, emanating, for example, from greedy plantation- or mine-owners, whose main object is that of present profits, regardless of the future. The natives of Mexico, like those of other Hispanic-American countries, are far superior to Asiatics, and it is to the advantage of Mexico that its Government should foster the growth of the vigorous and useful peon race, and sternly set its face against the introduction of Chinese or other Asiatics as elements of colonisation. There is a favourable circumstance attending the matter of increase of population in Spanish-American countries: the women are prolific, and, moreover, the influence of the Roman Catholic religion tends at present to prevent the adoption of the condition known as "race-suicide." Equally with this fostering of the native race must be the encouraging of European immigration, such as Spaniards, Italians, and others. The Americans of the United States cannot furnish Mexico with new citizens or workers, tillers of the soil, or builders, or miners; for the United States has her own territory to develop, and, moreover, the American citizen will never perform manual labour outside his own country. Both the Americans and the British will furnish capital and brains for Mexico's development, but of workers in the field they will send none.
In this connection, however, the future may hold much, unsuspected at present. The question is constantly to the fore now as to whether the white man is able to perform manual work in the tropics, and large portions of Mexico and Spanish-America generally are situated in tropical zones. The reply to the question is twofold. First, the advancing science of sanitation, and kindred matters, are showing that the unfavourable conditions encountered in tropical lands are capable of change, and that regions hitherto unhealthy can be made habitable for alien white men. There can be little doubt that sweeping adverse statements about the impossibility of the occupation by white races of the tropical regions, especially of America, will be belied in coming years. The other consideration bearing upon this question is that there is no necessity for the white man to work in the tropics to the same extent that he works in temperate climates. Nature has done half the work herself, and it will surely be found that invading man must adapt his habits to her laws there, rather than pretend to implant his own methods arbitrarily. Thus, a minimum of work in the tropics secures shelter and sustenance to man there. But, so far, this facility of living has been an element for human deterioration rather than for progress. The Indian squatters of the Mexican tropics, or the savage bands of the Amazonian forests of South America, do not tend towards development. But it may be different when an educated and civilised race has, perforce, to take up its residence in such regions. The struggle for life, for bread, roof, and clothing, is so much less severe that it may transpire that man, in such regions, will have more time to develop the intellectual side of his life, and a new stimulus and purpose might be brought to being from such a combination of race and environment. It is apparent already to the observer that the Spanish-American race, which largely inhabits tropical America, has developed a strong tendency towards the lessening of its quota of manual labour, and an augmentation of its cultivating of the theoretical and intellectual side of life. In Mexico, Peru, or elsewhere, the white race forms an upper class, lovers of leisure and of work of an intellectual character. There is no white middle-class of hand labourers. If there is anything in this theory and tendency there may come to being some day a highly-developed race in the American tropics. These considerations, however, are as yet far removed from the Mexico of to-day. Work must be her maxim, hard work, and development.
Whether Mexico will ever become an important manufacturing nation remains to be seen. The Mexicans are not without considerable aptitude as mechanics, but they have not much faculty of invention or origination. It is very doubtful if any of the Spanish-American nations are destined to shine as makers and exporters of finished articles. Perhaps the role of evolving a new kind of civilisation, not dependent upon commerce, is to be theirs! All of these countries are, however, endowed with elements essential to manufacture: in raw material, fuel, and water-power.
Of international meetings which have taken place in Mexico the Pan-American Congress of 1902 was of some importance. The feasting and eloquence, the society functions and self-congratulations which ran riot, were characteristic of this imaginative and enthusiastic race of Latin America. If these matters were more in evidence than practical results—as is often characteristic of such assemblies—at least the important step was taken of calling together their neighbours of America, discussing their affairs, and emphasising the advisability of settling these, when differences arose, by arbitration, rather than battle. It was complained that Europe took little note of or interest in this conference, and among the delegates of some of the Latin American states—representatives of all of which were present—Europe was blamed for frigidity to thoughts of arbitration. But the world grows wiser slowly, and Spanish-America not more rapidly. Important matters which occupied the attention of the Congress were the questions of some standardising of Spanish-American Custom-house methods, and the great subject of the Pan-American railway. This vast scheme is designed to link all the republics of North and South America together. But it may well be asked if the cost, estimated at 40 million pounds sterling, to build the 5,000 miles necessary to complete the chain of existing lines, would ever pay through these thinly scattered populations and endless mountain regions. It is, however, an alluring project, and calls for some great railway-building Bolivar to impulse it. It is but a question of time.
The attitude of the modern Mexicans towards Spain—the land which gave them birth—is rather a remarkable one. As a whole they cannot be said to be pro-Spanish. The Indian blood is strong, and the Indian side of the Mexican cherishes still what is almost a resentment against Spain for the acts of the Conquest. Perhaps the reader of this book, if he has read the chapters upon those stirring times, will not need to ask himself why! Spanish America—Mexico and Peru—raises no statues to Cortes, nor to Pizarro. But there is another side to the picture, and during the war between Spain and the United States, the Spaniards and pro-Spaniards of Mexico raised funds to purchase a warship for Spain. But neither Mexico nor any other free Republic of Latin America raised a hand in aid of the unfortunate Cubans, whose life-blood Spain, with all her old methods, was slowly letting before their eyes!
Of international questions in the American hemisphere the Monroe Doctrine takes much importance. The origin of the principle contained in this has been set forth in the chapter devoted to history, and its British origin recollected. At the present time the doctrine embodies, to the Spanish-American mind, not so much the antidote to possible European aggression as the hegemony of the United States in the American hemisphere. Of recent years the method or spirit of its enunciation by the United States has been such as almost to cause offence among the Spanish-American Republics, an effect which, naturally, it was not intended to convey. But the Mexican and South American Republics are not slow to resent any idea of North American leading-strings. They consider their individuality no whit inferior to that of the Anglo-American, and the discussions which have been carried out in the press of both continents show how little the two races of the Americas really understand each other. Nor can they be expected to do so, possibly for centuries—such centuries as passed before a Franco-British entente became possible! There is far more affinity of social interests between Spanish-America and Europe than between the United States and Spanish-America, and there can be no doubt that the growth of a great American civilisation distinct from that of the United States will be a valuable element in the New World. The influence of the United States will always be offset by the imported European culture and solidity. It has been characteristic of all Spanish-America to emulate and to exalt the United States, but the grave faults apparent in the character of the Americans in their political and commercial world recently have caused much loss of prestige. The student of American life cannot maintain that the civilisation of the United States necessarily tends to become superior to that of the Spanish-American's. There is, of course, a vast superiority in manufacture, means of communication, and all that goes to make up the modern business world—immeasurably so. But of man's humanity to man, of social refinement, honesty in business, cleanliness in politics, the United States is not much in advance of its neighbours. Nevertheless, the influence of the United States has been, and will be, of much steadying value to Mexico, and it remains to be seen if Mexico can preserve her individuality, in view of her proximity to the United States, and whether she can absorb the excellent characteristics of the Americans, without acquiring their defects. Probably she can. On the other hand, it is a source of satisfaction to the student of American civilisation to observe the present reciprocal and neighbourly attitude of the United States and Mexico towards each other. There they stand, shoulder to shoulder, without quarrel of religion or race, the big Republic and the developing one, both under the forging hand of time.
For herself Mexico may be looked upon as a strong and healthy type of Spanish-American civilisation, whose growth all students of race-affairs will watch with interest. Endowed with a land of varied and plentiful resource, chastened by history and tribulation, and with resolute step bent forward, Mexico stands as a leader of her race, and a worthy unit in the development of the great New World. Viva Mexico!
INDEX
NOTE.—For other place-names not given in index see chapters on Natural Resources and Railways, also List of Illustrations.
Acapulco, seaport, 17, 105, 109, 111, 304, 343
Acocotla, 341
Africa, 258
Agramonte, 105
Agricultural products, list of, 291
Agriculture, 282-327
Aguascalientes, State of, 210, 271, 303, 314
Ahuitzuco, 280, 304
Albuquerque, 105
Alcohol, 238
Aldama, 111
Alfred, King, 24
Allende, 111
Alligators, 19, 152
Alpacas, 152
Alvarado mine, 259
Alvarado, Pedro de, 59, 82-97, 190, 347
Amazon, 18, 290, 353
Ameca, 147, 208
American Smelting Co., 336
Americans in Mexico, 12, 14, 16, 116, 155, 181, 201, 204, 205, 211, 249, 305, 323
Ampudea, General, 122
Anahuac, 9, 15, 20, 136, 140, 185
Andes, 18, 112, 136-146
Anglo-American Co. of Puebla, 336
Anson, Admiral, 105
Anthracite, 280 (see Coal)
Apaches, 158, 210, 264
Arbitration, 354
Arch in prehistoric Mexico, 34
Architecture, Mexican, 182, 185, 288
Architecture, prehistoric, 34-84, 326
Area of Mexico, 135, 296-327
Arequipa, 180, 210
Argentina, 106, 167
Arista, General, 121
Arizona, 34, 123, 149, 296
Armadillos, 153
Army, 202
Art Institution, 199
Asia, Asiatics, 35, 294, 325, 351 (see also Japanese, &c.)
Asphalt, 322
Astlan, 24
Atahualpa, 101
Atlantis, lost continent of, 34
Atoyac Irrigation Co., 336
Atoyac river, 319
Audiencias, 102, 107
Austins, the, 119
Austria (see Maximilian)
Avino mine, 259, 266, 313
Azoteas, 9, 182
Aztecs, 2, 16, 20-97, 107, 143, 182, 259, 288, 316, 341
Babylon, 45
Bahamas, 57
Balboa, 57
Balsas river, 144, 303, 304, 318, 349
Bananas or platanos, 3, 11 (see also Agriculture)
Bank, 335
Barbarity of the Spaniards, 72, 75, 81, 83, 100, 110
Barley, 289
Barradas, General, 118
Bazaine, General, 127
Beans, 289, 291
Bears, 153
Beaver, 153
Behring Straits, 36
Belgians, King of the, 127
Belize (see British Honduras)
Bernal, Diaz, 27, 28, 64, 74, 79, 92
Biblical analogies, 35, 223
Birds, 3, 135, 153
Bison, 153
Boa-constrictors, 3, 152
Boleo copper mines, 279
Bolivar, 106
Bolivia, 138, 152
Bondholders, British, 126, 131, 132
Bravery of the Mexicans, 121, 122
Bravo, General, 115, 116
Brazil, 284, 290
Breweries, 311, 339
Brigantines, 89-97
Britain, British, 6, 10, 11, 12, 104, 105, 106, 109, 112, 116, 125, 126, 131, 135, 155, 201, 204, 249, 265, 279, 296, 305, 313, 314, 317, 331, 336, 337, 352
British capital in Mexico, 275, 277, 331, 336, 337
British Honduras, 135, 325, 326, 327
Buccaneers, 104, 105, 106
Budget, 331
Buena Vista, battle of, 122
Buenos Ayres, 112, 184
Bufa mines, 277, 278
Buildings, prehistoric, 33-55, 304
Bull-fights, 176, 193-196, 241-244
Burgoa, Francisco, 43
Butterflies, 3
Cactus, 3, 5, 15
Calendar stone, 23, 34, 53, 199
California, 24, 34, 105, 107, 114, 123, 257, 283, 343
California, Gulf of, 145
California, Lower, 139, 143, 271, 277, 278, 279, 280, 297
Calleja, 111
Campeche, State of, 105, 135, 271, 324, 325
Canada, Canadians, 167, 178, 336
Canal, Mexican drainage (see Drainage)
Cananea Copper Co., 278
Cannibalism, Aztec, 51, 94, 96
Canning, 116
Caracas, 112
Carlos III. of Spain, 269
Carlos V. of Spain, 64, 70, 73, 90, 96, 100
Carlota, Empress, 127-129
Carmen Island, 280
Casa Fuerte, Viceroy, 106
Casas Grandes river, 211
Casones river, 323
Catalina, Juarez, 59
Catapult, the, 94
Cathedral of Mexico, 103, 191
Cathedrals, 186, 209, 266, 303
Catorce, 266, 315
Cattle, 284, 292, 299, 309, 311
Causeways, Aztec, 26, 34, 77-97
Cavendish, 104
Caves, 225
Cedar, 151 (see Timber)
Cement work, 339
Cempoallas, 33, 65
Cenotes, or wells, 46, 326, 327 (see also Coast Pacific Zone)
Centipedes, 153, 234
Central America, 106, 149
Centralists, 116, 119
Cereals, 283 (see Agriculture)
Chalco, lake, 16, 146, 188
Chamber of Mines, 336
Chapala, lake, 25, 144, 145, 208, 301
Chapultepec, 95, 121, 122, 186, 189, 200
Cheops, pyramid of, 40
Chewing gum, 32
Chiapas, State of, 142, 271, 284, 307
Chicago, 182
Chichemeca, 24
Chichen-Ytza, 37, 45, 46
Chicle, 151, 325
Chihuahua, 10, 105, 111, 122, 138, 142, 210, 266, 308
Children of the Sun, 24, 96
Chile, 106, 112, 115, 167
Chilli, 217, 291
Chilpancingo, 111, 147, 279
China, Chinese, 35, 114, 199, 325
Chivela Pass, 345
Chocolate, 52, 283, 289, 301
Cholula, 22, 23, 32, 37, 40, 70, 74, 320
Church, disestablishment of the, 118, 125
Cigarettes, 218, 338
Cities of the plateau, 9
Class distinctions, 159, 160
Clavijero, 27
Climate, 1-19, 136, 146-153, 185, 296-327
Clubs, 201
Coahuila, State of, 122, 138, 271, 278, 280, 309, 321
Coal (see Mining)
Coast zone, Atlantic, 3, 138, 146-153
Coast zone, Pacific, 17-19, 138, 146-153, 287, 295-307
Coatzacoalcos, 323, 345
Cocoanuts, 18, 283, 288, 291
Cochineal, 151
Coffee, 283, 284, 289, 291, 293
Cofre de Perote, 69, 141, 319
Cold storage, 339
Colhuas and Chalcas, 24
Colima, State of, 271, 278, 302
Colima volcano, 17, 19, 208, 302
Colleges, 197, 198
Colombia, 106
Colonial rule, 98-112
Colonisation, 293
Colorado river, 298
Colorado, 144
Columbus, 57
Conception del Oro, 314
Conchas river, 144, 211, 321
Congress, 111
Conquest of Mexico, 56-97
Conservative party, 124
Consolidated goldfields, 277
Constitution, Mexican, 158, 159
Contreras, battle of, 122
Copper among the Aztecs, 50 (see also Mining)
Cordova, Hernandez de, 57
Cornish miners, 260
Cortes, 2, 17, 27, 32, 55-102, 103, 140, 188, 259, 266, 304, 318, 326, 341, 343, 355
Cotton, 8, 138, 145, 167, 209, 231, 283-291, 285, 337 (see also Agriculture)
Couriers, Aztec, 50
Cougars, 4, 152
Courtesy of the Mexicans, 12, 160
Council of the Indies, 106
Coyotes, 2, 8, 9, 152
Cozumel, island of, 61, 326
Creeds, 199
Creoles, 154
Creston-Colorado mine, 277
Cretaceous period, 141, 142
Crocodiles, 4, 19, 302
Cross, the, in Mexico, 15, 61, 79, 219-223, 228
Cuautla, 111
Cuba, 57, 284, 326, 338, 335
Cuernavaca, 17, 90, 304, 318, 343
Cuitlahuac, 88
Cuitzeo, lake, 146
Culiacan, 300
Currency, 335
Cuzco, 180
Dam, international, 293
Deer, 153 (see Game)
Deluge, the, 35
Denudation of forests, 152, 285
Deserts, 6, 122, 135, 137, 151, 309, 310
Diaz, Porfirio, President, 126-133, 165, 193, 306
Dilligences, 235, 310
Doctor mine, 316
Dos Estrellas mines, 276
Drainage of the Valley of Mexico, 17, 103, 104, 133, 188, 203
Drake, 104, 257
Duelling, 248
Durango, 10, 210, 258, 267, 271, 279, 312
Dyewoods, 320-327
Dynamite, 339
Eagle Pass, 310, 344
Eagle, serpent, and cactus, 21
Earthquakes, 105
Ecuador, 23
Education, 160, 197-199
Egypt, 29, 35, 45
El Ebano, 280
Electric power, 189, 203, 317, 336, 337
Elevation above sea-level, 136, 139, 185, 296-327, 341
Eloquence, Mexican, 162
El Oro, gold-mining district, 275, 317
El Paso, 309
Empire of Mexico, 114
Ensenada, 298
Esperanza mine, 276
Estrada Gutierrez, 119
Ethnology, 154-158
Expectoration, habit of, 249
Expedition, British-Spanish-French, 126
Exports, 289, 332-340
Fauna, 149-153, 296-327
Feather-work, Aztec, 50, 63
Federalists, 116, 119
Federation, 159
Ferdinand VII. of Spain, 111
Fibrous plants, 151, 289, 291
Figueroa, Viceroy, 106
Financial conditions, 328-349
Fisheries, 296
Flint and steel, 218
Flint implements, 225, 226
Floating gardens, Aztec, 26, 91, 150, 189
Flora, 149-153, 296-327
Flour mills, 339
Flowers, 150
Foreigners in Mexico (see also British, America, &c.), 12, 155, 201, 204, 249, 279, 329
Forests, 17, 151, 283, 284, 285, 292, 296-327
Forey, General, 127
France, French, 116, 126, 135, 155, 201, 279
French Revolution, 112
Frijoles, 216, 289, 291
Fruits, tropical, 18, 100, 150, 231, 283-291, 296-327
Fuerte river, 299
Game, 153, 299, 322 (see also Sport)
Geographical conditions, 134-153, 294-327, 351
Geographical Society, 199
Geology, 47, 272
Germany, Germans, 135, 153, 201, 204
Gold, Aztec, 50, 53, 81, 260
Gold, (see Mining)
Gold, mining companies, 275-278
Gonzalez, President, 131
Government, 158-159
Grape-vine, 109, 283
Great Plateau, the, 2, 3-19, 136-153, 184, 231, 308-320
Grijalva, 58, 140
Grijalva river, 145, 307, 324
Guadalajara, 10, 146, 208, 301, 337
Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of, 123
Guadalupe, Shrine of, 187, 266
Guanajuato, 13, 110, 111, 142, 258, 264, 268, 269, 271, 315
Guanajuato Light and Power Co., 337
Guatemala, 9, 31, 44, 100, 114, 135, 295, 307, 324, 325
Guatemoc, 27, 88-101, 192
Guaymas, 296, 297, 348
Guayule, 290, 291, 314, 338
Guerrero, General, 113, 115
Guerrero, State of, 18, 138, 271, 279, 303, 305
Gulf of California, 296
Gulf of Mexico, 2, 58, 61, 135-139, 143
Gulf Stream, 326
Guzman, 103
Habana, 105
Haciendas, 8, 17, 167, 287, 317
Harbour works, Vera Cruz, 133, 324
Harbour works, Salina Cruz, 306, 345, 346
Hawkins, 104
Henequen, 283, 289, 291-321, 325, 326
Hercules Cotton Mill, 316
Hermosillo, 297
Hidalgo, Patriot, 102, 108-111, 112
Hidalgo, State of, 143, 271, 315
Highwaymen, 117, 212
Hindustan, 35
Holy Alliance, 115, 331
Hondo river, 327
Honduras, 100, 135, 325, 327
Horned toads, 7
Horsemen, expert, 122, 167, 244
Horses, breeding, 292, 299
Horses, first appearance of, 62, 71, 77, 94, 152, 167
Hospitality of Mexicans, 161
Houses, Mexican, 180, 197, 202, 287
Houston, 120
Huancavelica mine, 260
Huasteca district, 315
Huitzilopochtli, war-god, 25
Human sacrifice, 23, 25, 40, 79, 93
Human tallow, 90
Humboldt, 210, 272, 134
Hydrography, 137-153, 233, 296-326
Ice factories, 339
Idols, destruction of, 67, 81, 83
Iguanas, 18, 153
Immigration, 294, 352
Incas, 22, 23, 26, 29, 31, 49, 140, 261
Independence, 106
Indians, 154-158, 327
India-rubber (see Rubber)
Industries, 335
Inquisition, 103, 111, 228
Institutions, national, 178-206
Iron (see Mining)
Iron foundries, 338
Irrigation, 4, 8, 52, 145, 149, 285-287, 289, 293, 296-327
Israel, lost ten tribes of, 35
Iturbide, 107, 113-116, 264, 204
Iturrigaray, Viceroy, 109, 110
Itzala, gorge of, 53, 143
Ixtaccihuatl, 15, 17, 20, 74, 140, 317, 319
Ixtle, 290, 291, 321
Ixtlilxochitl, 29, 30, 89, 185
Jacaler 25
Jaguars, 4, 152
Jalapa, 147
Jalisco, State of, 144, 146, 261, 271, 278, 301
Jamaica negroes, 325
Japanese, 36
Jesuits, 105, 106, 192
Jockey Club, 201
Joinville, Prince de, 119
Jorullo, volcano, 106
Juanacatlan, falls of, 144, 208, 301, 337
Juarez, President, 118, 124-130, 155, 306
Jurassic period, 141
Kingsborough, Lord, 35
Koreans, 325
La Blanca mine, 276
Labour, 294
Laguna madre, 321
Laguna cotton region, 145, 285, 339
Lakes, 145, 187
Lampart, 105
Land frauds, 293
Land systems, 49, 108, 156, 157, 167, 293
Languages, 24, 35, 170
La Paz, 298
Laredo, 310, 322
Lasso, 245, 248
Latitude and longitude, 136, 185
La Tinaja, 339
Lava, 143
Lerdo, President, 14, 129
Lerdo town, 149
Lerma river, 144, 317
Lima, 178, 185
Limantour, Senor, 329
Limestone, mountain, 141
Linares, Viceroy, 105
Literary institutions, 199
Lizards, 7
Llama, 152
Loans, foreign, 125, 331, 332
Lopez, 128
Lost ten tribes, 35
Lotteries, 201
Lower California (see California)
Maguey, 8, 151, 167, 284, 287, 316
Mahogany, 4, 151
Maiz, 283, 289, 291
Malaria, 4, 5, 64, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 324
Malinche, 73, 140, 317, 319
Maltrata, 340
Mamey, 291
Mammals, 152
Mangroves, 4
Manila, 105
Manufacturing, 209, 310, 317, 323, 336-340, 353
Manzanillo, 302, 343
Mapimi, bolson of, 138, 144, 313
Maravillas Mine, 276
Marina, 61, 63, 72
Marques de Croix, Viceroy, 106
Marquez, 124
Martens, 153
Masonic lodges, 117
Matamoros, 280
Maximilian, Emperor, 126-130, 265, 316
Mayas, 22, 34, 45, 260, 326, 327
Mazapil Copper Co., 279, 314
Mazatlan, 300
Medicinal plants, 151
Medina, Bartolome de, 260
Mejia, General, 128, 129
Mendoza, Viceroy, 102
Mercado, 263, 279
Merida, 325, 326
Mestizos, 107, 154
Metate, 215
"Metalurgica Mexicana," 315, 336
Mexico, City of, 16, 76-97, 184-206
Mexico, State of, 271, 316
Mexico Tramways Co., 204
Mexico, Valley of, 3, 14-17, 20, 26, 76-97, 184-206
Mexican Light and Power Co., 203, 336
Michoacan, State of, 102, 106, 146, 271, 278, 303
Mier, 112, 118
Mina, General, 111
Minas, Prietas, 277
Mineral-bearing zone, 270, 296-327
Mining, 255-281, 296-327, 330, 336
Mining, antimony, 271, 280
Mining, Aztec, 52, 260, 280
Mining, coal, 271, 280, 303
Mining, copper, 261, 271, 278
Mining, gold, 260, 262, 271, 275-278
Mining, history of, 6, 142, 255-270
Mining, iron, 261, 263, 271, 279
Mining, lead, 261, 271, 280
Mining, opals, 270
Mining, petroleum, 271, 280, 322
Mining, placer, 261
Mining, prehistoric, 260
Mining, properties, 281
Mining, quicksilver, 260, 271
Mining, salt, 271
Mining School, 200, 269
Mining, silver, 6, 142, 260, 262, 264, 271-275
Mining, Spanish, 262
Mining, tin, 53, 261, 271, 280
Mining titles, 281
Mining tunnels, 262
Mining, zinc, 271
Miramon, General, 128
Miramon, President, 126
Mitla, ruins of, 42
Molina del Rey, 122
Monastic orders, 192
Mongolians, 35 (see also Chinese, &c.)
Monkeys, 4, 152
Monoliths, 38, 42
Monoloa mine, 268
Monopolies, Spanish, 109
Monroe Doctrine, 116, 355
Monte Alban, ruins of, 37, 42
Monte de las Cruces, 110
Monterrey, city of, 122, 148, 149, 279, 311
Montezuma, 24, 27-84, 261, 187, 343
Montezuma Mine, 278
Morelia, 110, 303
Morelos, the priest, 111, 112
Morelos, State of, 287, 318
Morgan, 105
Mormons, 347
Mule-back journeying, 14 (see "Life and Travel")
Munoz, 103
Murillo, 191
Music, 10, 11, 183
Myrtles, 19
Nahuas, 24
Napoleon, 110, 112, 126
Narvaez, 82
National Anthem, 172
National Meat Packing Co., 339
Navigable rivers, 145, 304, 307, 323, 328, 347
Navy, 202
Nazas, 280
Nazas river, 138, 145, 148, 149, 233, 285, 286, 288, 313
Nevado de Toluca, 141, 317
New Mexico, 34, 105, 114
New York, 147, 167
Nezahualcoyotl, 24, 28-31
Nicaragua, 31
Nile, 285
Noche Triste, 32, 84
Nochistongo, 103
Nogales, 297
Nopales, 21, 151
Nuevo Leon, State of, 271, 310
Oak, 5, 17, 151, 152 (see Forests, Timber)
Oaxaca, 40-42, 111, 124, 128, 132, 142, 271, 284, 305
Obregon, Count, 268
Obsidian, 53, 143
Ocampo, statesman, 125
Ocelot, 152
O'Donoju, Viceroy, 114
Olid Cristoval, 61, 100
Olmedo priest, 65, 73
Olives, 283
Oranges, 3, 11
Orchids, 5
Orchillas, 298
Orography, 139-143
Orientation of pyramids, 38, 42
Origin of Mexican people, 35
Orizaba, 2, 57, 111, 140, 319
Oroya Railway, 341
Otomies, 24, 32
Otter, 153
Otumba, 32, 87, 341
Pachuca, 13, 142, 259, 265, 316
Padilla, Viceroy, 106
Palenque, 37, 44, 260, 307
Palmarejo mines, 277
Palms, 4
Palo alto, battle of, 121
Panama, 57, 135, 345, 348, 351
Pan-American Congress, 354
Pan-American railway, 348, 354
Panuco river, 17, 145, 189, 316, 321
Papaloapam river, 145, 323
Papantla, 40
Paper, 52, 338
Paredes, 122
Parral, mining district, 276
Parras, 145, 286, 310
Partridges, 153
Pasco de la Reforma, 192
Passes, mountain, 137
Patio process, 260, 274
Patzcuaro lake, 25, 146
Pawnshop, national, 200
Peaks, principal, 140
Pearl, fisheries, 296, 298
Pearson & Sons, Ltd., 188, 336
Pecos river, 144
Peccaries, 153
Penitentiaries, 200
Penoles mines, 276, 313
Peones, 7, 12, 156, 171, 213-217, 237, 294
Perpetual snow, 2, 6, 15, 139
Perpetual spring, 147
Peru, 17, 18, 29, 31, 35, 40, 49, 53, 101, 104, 106, 112, 115, 138, 140, 141, 146, 152, 167, 260, 290, 341, 355
Petroleum, 280
Philippine Islands, 103, 276
Philip II. of Spain, 103, 104, 191
Philip IV. of Spain, 104
Pibroch of Donnel Dhu, 173
Picture-writing, 23, 62
"Pie-war," the, 119
Pine, 5, 17, 151, 152 (see Forests and Timber)
Pinto disease, 304
Pizarro, 101, 102, 355
Plaza, 9, 11 (see Cities)
Police, 203
Political executions, 132
Ponce de Leon, 101
Popocatepetl, 15, 17, 20, 105, 140, 185, 317, 319
Population (see also the various States), 135, 154-158, 296-327
Portales, 180
Potatoes, 217, 284-291
Pottery, 53, 241
Priests, 235-237
Printing, first, 102
Progreso, seaport, 325, 326
Providence mines, 278
Puebla, 33, 122, 126, 128, 209, 271, 278, 319
Puebla Tramway Co., 336
Pulque, 9, 178, 217, 232, 284, 290, 316
Puma, 152
Pyramids, 2, 15, 20, 25, 33, 34, 38-55, 76-97, 229
Quail, 153
Quemada, 34
Queretaro, 110, 128, 271, 278, 315, 316
Quetzalcoatl, 23, 40, 54, 72
Quicksilver, 260, 280, 304, 314
Quintana Roo, 325, 327
Quiroga, Bishop, 102
Quixotism, 167
Race-suicide, 352
Railways, generally, 9, 13, 14, 17, 69, 136, 208, 230, 296-327, 330-349
Railways, Mexican Vera Cruz, 4, 130, 320, 324, 340, 342
Railways, Mexican Central, 131, 300, 302, 304, 309, 311, 314, 319, 330, 342
Railways, Mexican Southern, 320, 346
Railways, Mexican National, 132, 310, 314, 322, 330, 343
Railways, Chihuahua and Pacific, 348
Railways, Hidalgo and North-Eastern, 344
Railways, International, 310, 311, 344
Railways, Interoceanic, 319
Railways, Kansas City, Mexico and Orient, 347
Railways, Monterrey and Gulf, 311
Railways, Pan-American, 348
Railways, Rio Grande and Pacific, 347
Railways, Sonora, 297, 348
Railways, Tehuantepec, 133, 306, 312, 323, 345
Railways, Vera Cruz and Pacific, 346
Railways, Vera Cruz (Mexico), 347
Rainfall, 137-149, 285, 296-327
Rattlesnakes, 153
Rayas mine, 269
Read, Campbell & Co., 188
Real del Monte, 265, 276, 316
Reform Laws, 118, 125, 127, 159
Religion, Aztec and prehistoric, 15, 25, 30, 40, 79, 81, 227
Religion, Roman Catholic, 6, 13, 15, 65, 80, 81, 104, 125, 159, 165, 175, 266-269, 352, 179, 199, 227
Rents, 202
Repudiation of debts, 125
Restrictive policy, 329
Revolutions, 117-133
Rio Grande, 11, 34, 136, 143, 144, 211, 308, 320
Roads, Aztec and Inca, 50
Rocky Mountains, 137
Rubber, rubber trees, 3, 4, 151, 283, 290, 294, 301, 303, 304, 307, 314, 323, 324, 328
Rurales, 202, 212
Russia, 114
Salina Cruz seaport, 306, 345
Salt, 280
Saltillo, 310
San Angel, 187, 197
San Blas seaport, 144, 300, 301
Sandoval, Gonzalo de, 61, 83, 91
San Francisco, 182
San Geronimo, 280
San Juan Bautista City, 325
San Juan river, 322
San Luis Potosi, 210, 258, 271
San Luis Potosi, State of, 314
San Rafael mines, 278
Santa Anna, 115-123
Santa Eulala mine, 266, 309
Santa Gertrude's Jute Mills, 336
Santiago City, 184
Santiago river, 301
Sardaneta, 269
Scenery, 143, 2-19, 301, 305-327, 340-349
Scientific character, 166
Scientific institutions, 199
Scorpions, 153, 234
Scott, General Winfield, 122
Sculpture, Aztec, 53
Sea-bathing, 322
Seals, 153
Serpents, 4, 152
Shipbuilding, 325
Ships, destruction of, 68
Sierra Madre, 3-19, 136-153, 296-327
Silver mining (see Mining)
Sinaloa, State of, 24, 271, 298
Sisal hemp (see Henequen)
Sisal seaport, 326
Skunk, 153
Slavery, 49, 102, 119
Smelting, 279, 296, 311, 314, 315, 316 (see also Mining)
Snow, 2, 69, 139, 285, 317, 319
Snow-cap (see Snow)
Soap works, 339
Social conditions, 159-176
Soil, 138, 149, 285, 287
Sonora, State of, 142, 145, 264, 271
Soto, La Marina, 280, 321
South America (see also Andes, Peru, &c.), 149, 152
Spanish-American civilisation, 10, 11-99
Spanish characteristics, 99, 159
Spanish population, 155
Sport, 168, 153, 246, 251, 253
Steel works, 311
Stock-raising (see Cattle)
Subterraneous altars, 6, 268
Sugar-cane sugar, 100, 167, 283, 287, 289, 293, 301
Sulphur, l40
Sun-God, 15
Sunsets, 7
Superstition, 223-227
Switzerland, 32
Tabasco, State of, 6l, 271, 284, 290, 324
Tacubaya, 124, 140, 187, 197
Tamaulipas, State of, 112, 115, 138, 271, 278, 280
Tamesi river, 321
Tampico, 5, 145, 280, 315, 321, 322
Tancitaro peak, 141
Tapir, 4, 153
Tarahumara peak, 312
Tarantulas, 153
Tarpon fishing, 322
Taxco, 266, 304
Taylor, General Zachary, 121
Tecolotes, 9
Tehuacan, 346
Tehuantepec (see also Railways), 135, 144, 149, 240, 305
Temperature, (see Climate)
Tenochtitlan, 21-91, 37, 186
Teocallis (see Pyramids)
Teotihuacan, 15, 21, 23, 37-40, 48, 341
Tepanecas, 24, 28
Tepic, 19, 208, 271, 284, 300
Tequezquitengo, 318
Terminos Lagoon, 326
Terreros, 269
Tertiary period, 3, 140, 142
Tetecala, 318
Texas, 107, 114, 119-123, 138, 143, 308-310
Texcoco, 16, 20, 24, 37, 187, 317
Texcotzinco, 24, 29
Textile industry, 311, 337
Teyra, peak, 312
Tierra caliente, 3-5, 17, 146, 151
Tierra fria, 5, 146
Tierra templada, 5, 146
Timber, 151, 283-285, 262, 296-327
Tin, 53 (see Mining)
Tinctorial plants, 151
Titicaca lake, 17, 26, 138, 146
Titles, love of, 168, 169
Tlacoleros, 285
Tlahincas, 24
Tlahualilo, 286
Tlalpam, 187, 197
Tlapujahua, 278
Tlascalans, 24, 32, 69-97, 318
Tlaxcala, State of, 141, 316, 317
Tobacco, 284, 301, 338
Toltecs, 15, 20-24, 33, 37-40, 48, 261, 208, 227, 341
Toluca, 144, 317
Tonala, seaport, 307
Tonatinah, sun-god, 15, 39, 229
Tonto river, 322
Topography, 1-19, 136-153, 296-327
Topolobampo, seaport, 348
Torreon, 148, 310
Tortillas, 215, 289
Tramways, 203
Treasure, buried, 225, 224
Tribes of Mexico, 24, 33
Trinidad mine, 277, 278
Tula, 22, 25, 261
Tunas, 151, 291
Turkeys, 251
Turtles, 152
Tuxpam river, 323, 343
Tuxtla Gutierrez, 307
Ulua, San Juan de, 2, 117
Unknown God, the, 29, 77, 228
United States, 10, 11, 109, 112, 116, 119, 135, 160, 278, 288, 311, 351-356 (see also American)
Usumacinta river, 145, 307
Uxmal, 37, 45
Vaqueros, 8
Valenciana mine, 264, 267
Valparaiso, 184
Velasquez, governor, 57, 80, 103
Velasquez, painter, 191
Vegetation, 148
Venegas, Viceroy, 110
Venezuela, 115
Vera Cruz, 2, 5, 56, 103, 119, 122, 135, 145, 271, 284, 285, 290, 322, 346
Vera Cruz Light and Power Co., 336
Viceroys, the, 98-112
Victoria, city, 322
Victoria, President, 116
Viga Canal, 189
Volcanoes, 15, 137, 139, 140, 142, 185
War, American-Mexican, 116, 119-124, 201
War, English-Spanish, 105-106
War, French-Mexican, 119
Warlike spirit, 172
War, Spanish-Mexican, 113, 118
Water-parting, 17, 70, 305, 307, 310, 319, 345
Water-power, 143, 145, 189, 317, 323, 336, 337
Water-supply, 203, 231, 285, 292, 296-327 (see also Irrigation)
Wellington, 111
Whales, 153
Wheat, 208, 283, 289, 291
White man in the tropics, 352
Wild-cats, 152
Wolves, 152
Women of Mexico, 11, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 239, 240
Xochimilco, 24, 188, 189
Yankees, 121, 250
Yaqui river, 145, 296
Yaqui River Smelting Co., 279
Yellow fever, 2, 5, 306, 324
Yucatan, 5, 22, 45, 57, 61, 114, 141, 143, 144, 145, 290, 325, 326, 327
Zacatecas, 13, 34, 210, 258, 259, 271, 278, 279, 313
Zacatula, 145
Zapotecas Indians, 124
Zopilotes, 8, 324
Zumarraga, Archbishop, 29, 52
UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, LONDON AND WOKING
THE SOUTH AMERICAN SERIES
Demy 8vo, cloth.
1. CHILE. By G. F. SCOTT ELLIOTT, F.R.G.S. With an Introduction by Martin Hume, a Map, and 39 Illustrations. (4th Impression.)
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7. GUIANA: British, French, and Dutch. By JAMES RODWAY. With a Map and 36 Illustrations.
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13. PARAGUAY. By W. H. KOEBEL.
14. CENTRAL AMERICA. By W. H. KOEBEL.
"The output of the books upon Latin America has in recent years been very large, a proof doubtless of the increasing interest that is felt in the subject. Of these the South American Series edited by Mr. Martin Hume is the most noteworthy."—TIMES.
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