 |
These examples will suffice at this point.
It is difficult to decide as to the origin of the glyph. However, I am inclined to believe it has grown out of a conventional symbol for wood, possibly drawn from the little knots and marks seen on the inside surface of split wood. This may be wide of the true explanation, but all the indications I can find point in this direction. As "wood" (lena) in Zotzil (I do not know what it is in Tzental) is ci—equal to ki or qi—we obtain the guttural sound which appears to be the chief element of the symbol. In its use it appears to shade off from the hard to the soft sound.
The Zapotec name ape, which, according to Dr Brinton, may properly be translated by "lightning," or "the lightning flash," is much like the name for "fire" which prevails throughout Oceanica. Commencing with the Malay api, we trace it through the Oceanic islands in such forms as api, lap, yap, nap, yaf; to New Zealand kapura; Tonga and Samoan afi, and Hawaiian ahi.
In the Zapotec words laari-api-niza and ri-api-laha, translated "relampage, relampaguear," we find precisely the original form of the Oceanic word for "five."
THE TWENTIETH DAY
Maya, ahau; Tzental, aghual; Quiche-Cakchiquel, hunahpu; Zapotec, lao or loo; Nahuatl, xochitl.
The symbol for this day, except where evidently imperfectly drawn, is subject to but few and slight changes, that given by Landa corresponding to the form found in the codices.
The usual and correct form is shown in LXVIII, 5-7; slight variations are seen in LXVIII, 8 and 9. Dr Seler figures several other varieties, but as these are from plates of the Dresden Codex, where the symbol is in columns, where they are evidently hastily made, without any attempt to have more than one or two in a column complete, they are not given here. The character represented in LXVIII, 10, is from the Tikal inscription, and that in LXVIII, 11, from the Palenque Tablet.
]
The Maya and Tzental names signify "king, lord, sovereign." The derivation of the word has been explained in various ways. Brasseur explains it by "the lord of the collar," ah-au, as does Dr Brinton; Stoll gives "lord of the cultivated lands," from the Ixil, avuan, "to sow." Dr Seler, however, is disposed to derive the name from the masculine prefix ah and uinic or vinak, "man." His method of reaching this conclusion is as follows:
For the Tzental word aghual, standing parallel with the Maya ahau, which doubtless corresponds to the abstract form ahaual of the word ahau, is to be referred rather to a primitive form avu, a'ku, ahu, than to ahau. In the Tzental Pater Noster which Pimental gives, we find the phrase "to us come Thy kingdom (Thy dominion)" expressed by the words aca taluc te aguajuale. The primitive meaning of ahau is certainly "man," "lord," and the two roots of similar significance, ah and vu (see uinic, vinak, "man") seem to concur in this word.
He explains the Quiche-Cakchiquel hunahpu by hun, "one," and ahpu "lord of the blowpipe," or "blowpipe shooter." Dr Brinton translates it the "One Master of Power." He brings the Mexican name into harmony by rendering it "the flower of the day"—that is, the sun; and the Zapotec by rendering it "eye," meaning "the eye of the day"—i. e., the sun.
When we attempt to bring the symbol of the day into harmony with the Maya name, we encounter a difficulty which can be overcome only by following a different line from that suggested by Dr Brinton or Dr Seler. That the character shown in LXVIII, 12, is the symbol for the cardinal point "east," which in Maya is likin, is now generally admitted, and that the lower portion is the symbol for kin, "day" or "sun," is also admitted. We are therefore justified in concluding that the upper portion, which is the Ahau symbol, stands for li, and that l is its consonant element. If Landa's second l (shown in LXVIII, 43) is turned part way round, it will be seen that it is a rough attempt to draw the Ahau symbol. If a careful study is made of his l's as given in his list, and his example of spelling le, and of the similar characters in the codices, it will be seen that both his l characters are derived from the same original. For example, the character shown in LXV, 60, from Tro. 22*a is precisely the combination which this author translates le, "a snare," or "to snare." By referring to the plate it will be seen that it is followed by the character (LXV, 61) which we have interpreted kutz, "turkey," and that in the picture below the text there is a lassoed turkey. It is apparent, therefore, that both these forms are used sometimes for words of which l is the chief phonetic element, and that the parallelogram and two interior dots are the essential elements. The day symbol is of less frequency in combination than the other form, but it sometimes occurs. It must, however, be distinguished from the closely allied p symbol heretofore alluded to.
From what has been shown in regard to the symbol it would seem, if considered phonetic, that the original day name it was intended to represent contained l as its chief consonant element. If ikonomatic, the name of the thing indicated had l as its chief element.
I think there can be little doubt that the symbol, as has been suggested by others, was taken from the full face, the central double line representing the nose, the two open dots the eyes, and the circle below the mouth. Now, according to Fuller's Zapotec Vocabulary, the name for face is lu, which is the Zapotec name of the day. As has been stated, Dr Brinton thinks the Nahuatl and Zapotec names refer to the sun, and he is inclined also to believe that the "ruler" or "sovereign" referred to by the names of the Maya dialects is the sun.
I think we may rest assured that the symbol of this day was derived from the full face, and that the word (for face) it was intended to indicate had l as its chief phonetic element—possibly from lec, "brow, front, forehead." If derived from the face, its use as a day symbol, and in numerous combinations, proves beyond question that it is phonetic in the true or in the rebus sense.
FOOTNOTES:
[205-1] Study of the Manuscript Troano, pref., p. viii.
[205-2] American Anthropologist, Washington, July, 1893.
[207-1] The plates are designated by Roman numerals, and the figures by the Arabic numbers 1, 2, 3, etc. Hence LXIV, 1, signifies figure 1 of plate LXIV; LXIV, 2, figure 2 of plate LXIV, etc.
[208-1] American Anthropologist, July, 1893, p. 254.
[208-2] There appears to be much confusion among writers who have referred to this subject in regard to the "Black Deities" of the codices. Dr Brinton's remarks on this subject in his late work, "A Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics," does not clear up the confusion. Apparently he has not discovered that quite a number of these are merely black figures of well-recognized deities not thus usually colored. It appears also, judging by his statements, that Dr. Brinton has failed to identify the characteristics by which the different deities of this class are to be distinguished. Dr Schellhas, in his excellent paper "Die Gottergestallen der Maya Handschriften," fails also to properly distinguish between these deities. Dr Seler, whose profound studies have thrown much light on the Maya hieroglyphs, fixes quite satisfactorily the characteristics of some of these deities, yet he confounds others which should have been separated.
[209-1] Dr Brinton (Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics, p. 93) claims to have discovered that this hitherto supposed "vessel" is, in reality, "a drum." As the four (Cort. 27a) are without any accompaniments to indicate their use as drums, and as each has above it one of the cardinal point signs, there is nothing, unless it be the form, to lead to the supposition that they are drums. In the same division of the two preceding and three following pages we see vessels of different kinds represented. In the lower divisions pages 29 and 30, are vessels somewhat of the same elongate, cylindrical form, borne on the backs of individuals; and also in the lower division of page 40 are four tall cylindrical vessels, in each of which the arm of a deity figure is thrust. This section is copied in Dr Brinton's work with the subscript "The beneficent gods draw from their stores." Additional proof, if any is needed to show that these are vessels, is found in the Tro. Codex. On plates 6* and 7* are tall cylindrical vessels with the same inverted V marks on them; moreover, one of them has the upper portion margined by the same tooth-like projection as those in the Cortesian plate. That these are vessels of some kind is apparent from the use the pictures show is made of them.
[209-2] See Brasseur's lexicon under bacab, also the mention below, under the day Ik, of four vessels.
[210-1] Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie, p. 115.
[210-2] A Study of the Manuscript Troano, pp. 80 and 56.
[214-1] Jour. Anthrop. Inst. G. B. and I., November, 1889, p. 121.
[214-2] Ibid., 1885, p. 199.
[214-3] Polynesian Race, vol I, pp. 75-77.
[214-4] Rev. Richard Taylor, Te-Ika-a-Maui; London, 1870.
[215-1] American Anthropologist, July, 1893, pp. 263-264.
[216-1] Historia de los Mexicanos, as quoted by Brinton.
[216-2] American Anthropologist, July, 1893.
[217-1] Cong. Inter. des Americanistes, Actes de la Cuarta Reunion, Madrid, 1881, tom. 2, pp. 173-174.
[219-1] Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics, p. 115.
[220-1] American Hero Myths, p. 222.
[220-2] Names of the Gods in Kiche Myths, p. 22.
[223-1] Fourth Ann. Rep. Bur. Eth. (1882-83), p. 238.
[223-2] Schoolcraft, "Indian Tribes," etc, vol. I, pl. 51, No. 10, p. 360.
[224-1] American Anthropologist, July, 1893, pp. 258-259.
[224-2] Dr Brinton (Primer, etc, p. 93) explains it as the symbol of a drum. He remarks that "in a more highly conventionalized form we find them in the Cod. Troano thus [giving plate LXIV, 51], which has been explained by Pousse, Thomas, and others as making fire or as grinding paint. It is obviously the dzacatan, what I have called the 'pottery decoration' around the figures, showing that the body of the drum was earthenware." Yet (p. 130 and fig. 75) Dr. Brinton explains this identical group or paragraph as a representation of the process of making fire from the friction of two pieces of wood. It seems to mo clear that this glyph represents something in the picture, and not the personage, as there is a special glyph for this. A comparison of the groups in the two divisions of this plate (Tro. 19) and plates 5 and 6 b of the Dresden Codex shows that the glyph refers to the work or action indicated by the pictures. That it refers to something in or indicated by the pictures, and that no drum is figured, will, I think, be admitted by most students of these codices.
[225-1] Dr Brinton (Primer, p. 117) errs in regarding the superfix to this glyph as the kin or sun symbol.
[227-1] Dr Brinton (Primer, p. 110) says the object represented by this symbol is "a polished stone, shell pendant, or bead." This authority considers the dot or eye in the upper part as a perforation by which it was strung on a cord. If this be true, it is strange that we see them nowhere in the codices strung on strings, though necklaces are frequently represented; and that we do see them piled up in vessels, see them putting forth shoots and leaves, and see birds and quadrupeds devouring thorn. Dr Brinton himself (p. 123, E. No. 29) gives one of these sprouting kan symbols, which he says "is a picture of the maize plant from Cod. Tro., p. 29." That it is not used ikonomatically here is evident, as kan in Maya is not a name for maize or grain of maize.
[232-1] First Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethn., p. 386.
[232-2] Dr Brinton (Primer, p. 65) says: "Former students have been unable to explain this design" and suggests that it is a maggot.
[232-3] Brinton follows Brasseur in supposing it represents the "grasping hand," and thinks it is a rebus of mach, "asir, tomar con los manos."
[236-1] Page 66.
[237-1] Notwithstanding his definition given above, Dr Brinton suggests in his late work that the symbols of the day bear a close resemblance to some of the sun signs.
[238-1] For explanation of the inclosed comb-like characters, Landa's ca, see Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, page 355.
[239-1] Brinton thinks that in some of the forms it indicates "a trail" or "footprints," which are meanings of oc.
[240-1] I was not aware that oc had the signification "dog" in any of the Mayan languages, nor do I find that Seler or Brinton appeal to this fact in their efforts to explain the day name in the Maya calendar. However, Dr Brinton remarks that Brasseur and Seler think that some forms of the symbol "portray the ears of a dog, as in some of the Mayan dialects the dog is called oc."
[240-2] Dr Brinton (Primer, p. 95) says that this is called "an article of food, by Thomas." While this is correct in the sense that I speak of the turkey (kutz or cuitz) as food, it is incorrect in giving the impression that I interpret the symbol by "article of food," as I have always interpreted it "turkey."
[245-1] Dr Brinton says it is the face of an old woman with a peculiar pointed earmark.
[248-1] Brinton says the ben symbol looks to him "like a wooden bridge, the two supports of which are shown and which was sometimes covered with a straw mat." If so, it must be shown in profile, and the hanging marks above (see LXVI, 16, 17, 19) would seem to be without signification; moreover, in LXVI, 18, the supports hang from above, which would, on this theory, imply a hanging bridge.
[250-1] Cong. Inter. Americanistes, 1881, tom. 2.
[250-2] Dr Brinton says the usual form suggests scattered grain husks, the word for which is xiix.
[257-1] Jour. Am. Eth. and Arch., II, p. 38.
APPENDIX
A LIST OF THE DEITIES OF THE DAYS OF THE MONTH IN THE MAORI CALENDAR (AFTER TAYLOR).
1. Tane was the parent of the tui, of birds in general, and trees. 2. Ru, the father of lakes and rivers. 3. Rupe, of the pigeon. 4. Tangaroa, of fish. 5. Irawaru, of dogs. 6. Nga rangi-hore, of stones. 7. Mauika, of fire. 8. Maui, of the land. 9. Mumuhanga, of the Totara; also called Tukau moana. 10. Paruri, of the Tui [bird]. 11. Papa, of the Kiwi [Apterix Australis]. 12. Owa, of the dog; he was also the father of Irawaru. 13. Pahiko, of the Kaka. 14. Punga Matua, of the shark (tuatini), lizard, and tamuri [the snapper-fish]. 15. Tute maona, of the Kahikatoa [a plant so named]. 16. Hina-moki, of the rat. 17. Tuwairore, of the Kahikatea [a certain tree] and Rimu [a species of pine]. 18. Haere-awa-awa, of the Weka [a large bird]. 19. Rongo, of the Kumara [sweet potato]; also called Rongomatane. 20. Tiki, of man. 21. Tute-nga-nahu, of evil. 22. Tahu, of all good. 23. Tawiri-matea, of the winds. 24. Mokoikuwaru, of lizards. 25. Otunai-rangi, of the palm tree (nikau) and flax (harakeke). 26. Haumia, of the fern root. 27. Tomairangi, of dew. 28. Haupapa, of ice. 29. Hauhunga, of cold. 30. Te-apu hau, father of storm and tempests.
It must be understood that these are not the names of the days, but of the deities which preside over them, and of the things which they created or of which they had special care.
INDEX
AAPE, see APE.
ABAGH day symbol discussed 229
ACATL day symbol discussed 245 —, meaning of 227
AGHUAL day symbol discussed 262
AH day symbol discussed 245
AHAU and lamat symbols compared 235 — day symbol discussed 262
AHBULUC-BALAM, a Maya deity 244
AHMAK day symbol discussed 252
AK, phonetic value of 223
AKAB, definition of 261
AKBAL symbol in Maya calendar 221
APE day symbol discussed 259 —, definition of 262
APPE, see APE.
ATL day symbol discussed 237 —, meaning of 238
BAKAH, definition of 262
BAKLUM-CHAAM, a Maya deity 225
BALAM day symbol discussed 248
BALCHE, a ceremonial drink 253
BALLOO, definition of 252
BAT, how regarded by Central Americans 225
BATZ day symbol discussed 241
BEE, see HONEY.
BEEN, see BEN.
BEN symbol in Maya hieroglyphs 218, 245
BENEL, meaning of 245
BIRD as a wind symbol 219 — symbols in the codices 219, 220, 225, 226, 251
BLACK DEITIES of Maya codices 208
BORGIAN CODEX, discussion of symbols in 212, 213, 219, 222, 244 —, earth symbol in 256 —, flint symbols in 228 —, sky symbol in 223
BRASSEUR DE BOURBOURG, oc symbol interpreted by 239 —, on definition of ah 245 —, on definition of ahau 263 —, on definition of chacyuc 233 —, on definition of hok 241 —, on definition of lamat 236 —, on definition of toh 238 —, on definition of tzac 241 —, on derivation of chuen 243 —, on Mexican mythology 221 —, on origin of chicchan symbol 231 —, on the akab-maax symbol 208 —, on the bacab symbol 209 —, on the germ symbol 218 —, on the manic day symbol 232 —, on the lamat symbol 249
BRECHII, meaning of 228
BRINTON, D. G., ben symbol interpreted by 248 —, on drum symbol in Maya codex 209, 224 —, on meaning of certain symbols 213, 227, 239, 250 —, interpretation of light symbol by 237 —, interpretation of oc symbol by 239, 240 —, Maya and Zapotec names harmonized by 237 —, on definition of ahau 263 —, on definition of ahmak 252 —, on definition of ape 262 —, on definition of aunahpu 263 —, on definition of chab 253 —, on definition of chinax 258-259 —, on definition of eb 244 —, on definition of edznab 259 —, on definition of guache 227 —, on definition of hix 249 —, on definition of laa 245 —, on definition of lamat 236 —, on definition of tecpatl 258 —, on definition of tox 231 —, on definition of uotan 221, 222 —, on derivation of caban 255 —, on derivation of chicchan 230 —, on derivation of chuen 243 —, on derivation of gopa 259 —, on derivation of kanel 236 —, on derivation of manik 234 —, on derivation of muluc 238 —, on maggot sign in the codices 222 —, on the black deities 208 —, on the eche day symbol 248 —, on the four-winds symbol 219 —, on the ghanan symbol 226 —, on the Maya calendar 205 —, on the month name zip 255 —, on origin of guilloo symbol 252 —, on origin of naa symbol 251 —, on the rabbit in indian mythology 236 —, on the term ni 219 —, Zapotec terms interpreted by 218
BRUSH symbol the codices 244
BULUC-AHAU, a Maya deity 244
BURDEN-BEARER in Troano codex 250
CA symbol of Landa 242
CAB, definition of 255 — symbol, application of 205
CABAN symbol discussed 205, 253, 254
CABNIX, definition of 257
CABRERA, —, on title of a Tzental manuscript 222
CACAO symbol in the codices 234.[TN-4] 238
CAGH-BEN, meaning of 245
CAHOGH day symbol discussed 259
CALENDAR, Maori, day deities in 265
CALLI day symbol discussed 221 —, signification of 221
CAMA-ZO'TZ in Central American mythology 225
CAMEY day symbol discussed 231
CAN day symbol discussed 229
CANEL day symbol discussed 235
CAOK day symbol discussed 259
CAPAK, definition of 262
CARDINAL points, birds symbolic of the 220 —, observed in ceremonies 257 —, symbols of, in the codices 234, 242, 257, 263 — winds symbolic of 232
CAUAC day symbol discussed 259
CAVERN symbol in Mexican pictography 223
CECELHUCHAH, meaning of 224
CEH symbol in Dresden codex 249 — symbol discussed 261
CH', phonetic value of 218, 226
CH'AB, meaning of 253
CHABIN day symbol discussed 252
CHAC, a Maya rain god 208, 238 — defined 226, 251 — symbol in Dresden codex 225-226
CHACBOLAY, meaning of 226
CHACKINIL, definition of 261
CHAMPOLLION, —, Egyptian negation signed by 212
CHAN, meaning of 230, 232
CHARNAY, DESIRE, day symbol copied by 207 —, battlemented structures figured by 246
CHE, definition of 260
CHEIL, definition of 260
CHI, definition of 243
CHIC day symbol discussed 254
CHICCHAN day symbol discussed 229, 238, 241
CHICH, phonetic value of 233
CHICHAN, meaning of 232
CHIGH, meaning of 233, 261
CHIKIN, meaning of 233 — symbol in Maya codex 225
CHILLA day symbol discussed 207 —, meaning of 213
CHIMALPOPOCA CODEX, interpretation of mythic concept in 221
CHINA day symbol discussed 232
CHINAX day symbol discussed 258
CHIRIBIAS, a Zapotec goddess 255
CHIYLLA, see CHILLA.
CHOAH symbol in Troano codex 234
CHOCH, meaning of 237
CHOCO, meaning of 242
CHOICH, meaning of 234
CHOLCEH, equivalent to xolke 233
CHOOCH, meaning of 237
CHUAC symbol in Maya hieroglyphs 226
CHUC, meaning of 232
CHUCH, significance of 225
CHUEN and akbal symbols compared 221, 225 — day symbol discussed 212, 241
CHUENCHE, definition of 243
CHUP, meaning of 253
CHUUC, meaning of 232
CI day symbol discussed 229 —, definition of 262
CIB day symbol discussed 224, 252
CIMI symbol discussed 231 — symbol in Dresden codex 250 — symbol in Troano codes 229
CIPACTLI symbol discussed 207, 212 — symbol in Borgian codex 213
CLAVIGERO, F. S., on signification of Mexican term 244
CLOUD SYMBOLS compared 223 — in the codices 222, 258
COHUATL day symbol discussed 229
COLOR SYMBOLISM in the codices 223, 228
COMB-LIKE CHARACTERS in Maya codex 238 — in Dresden codex 242
COOK, see CAOK.
CORDOVA, —, on meaning of magache 228 — on meaning of quii-lana 231-232
CORN destruction in Troano codex 217 —, significance of 228 — symbols in the codices 216, 226, 242
CORN GOD in Maya hieroglyphs 210, 217, 229
CORTESIAN CODEX, caban symbol in 254 —, cauac day symbol in 259 —, chuen symbol in 241 —, cimi symbol in 231 —, discussion of symbols in 256, 261 —, eb symbol in 243 —, ix symbol in 248 —, kan symbol in 229 —, muluc symbol in 237 —, oc symbol in 239 —, phonetic elements of symbols in 239
COSMOGONGY of the Muyscas 220
COZCAQUAUHTLI day symbol discussed 252
CROSS symbol in the codices 232, 259
CUCH, meaning of 247
CUCHPACH, meaning of 250, 261
CUETZPALLIN day symbol discussed 226 —, meaning of 227
CUITZ, see KUTZ.
CUMHU symbol in the codices 228
CUSHING, F. H., on cardinal points in Zuni ceremonies 257
CUTZ, see KUTZ.
DAY deities in Maori calendar 265 — names in Maya and Mexican calendars 206 — SYMBOL in Troano codex 222 — of the Maya year 199-265
DEATH GOD of the Mexicans 243 — symbol as a day symbol 231
DEER symbol in the codices 233, 234
DEITIES, day, in Maori calendar 265
DOG-EAR SYMBOL in the codices 239
DOG-EYE SYMBOL in Mexican codices 242
DOG IMAGES, sacrifice of 211
DOG-LIKE ANIMALS in the codices 226, 229
DOG SYMBOL in Dresden codex 240 — in Maya codex 229
DOTS connected with Maya glyphs 223, 224, 235, 238, 241, 243, 254
DRESDEN codex, ahau symbol in 263 —, akbal symbol in 221 —, ben symbol in 245 —, bird symbols in 225, 251 —, burden-bearers symbolized in 247 —, caban day symbol in 254 —, cauac day symbol in 259 —, ceh symbol in 249 —, chac symbol in 225-226 —, chuen symbol in 241 —, cib symbol in 252 —, cimi symbol in 231 —, discussion of symbols in 213[TN-5] 233, 240, 255, 260, 261 —, eb symbol in 243 —, ik symbol in 216 —, ix symbol in 248 —, kan symbol in 229 —, long-nose deity in 258 —, men symbol in 250 —, mol symbol in 224, 238 —, muluc symbol in 237, 238 —, oc symbol in 239 —, Quetzal symbol in 224 —, serpent symbol in 256 —, xul symbol in 225
DRUM SYMBOL in Maya codex 224
DZACATAN, significance of 224
E day symbol discussed 243
EAGLE SYMBOL in the codices 251
EAR, see DOG-EAR.
EARTH symbol in Borgian codes 256
EARTH DEITY in Troano codex 216, 217
EARTHMOTHER symbol in Maya hieroglyphs 251
EARTHQUAKE symbol in the codices 255
EB day symbol discussed 243
ECHE day symbol discussed 248
EDZNAB day symbol discussed 258
EE day symbol discussed 243
EHECATL day symbol discussed 215, 219, 220
ELAB day symbol discussed 239
EUOB day symbol discussed 243
EXORCISM represented in Maya glyphs 248
EYE, dog, symbol in Maya codices 242 — in Maya glyphs 237
EZANAB, see EDZNAB.
FEJERVARY CODEX, bird symbol in 220 —, reference to symbols in 250
FEWKES, J. W., on cardinal directions in ceremonies 257
FIELD DEITIES in Dresden codex 226
FIRE SYMBOL in the codices 218, 219, 224, 257
FISH SYMBOL in the codices 241, 261
FLINT SYMBOLS in Borgian codex 228
FORNANDER, —, cited on Hawaiian monsters 214
FOeRSTEMANN, E., on significance of certain glyphs 250
FUEN-LEAL CODEX, monsters pictured in 214
FULLER, E. A., on meaning of gu-lana 231 —, on meaning of lu 264 —, on meaning of na-gutchi 228 —, on Zapotec name for wine 219
GATU, see K'AT.
GHANAN day symbol discussed 226
GOPA, definition of 259
GOPAA day symbol discussed 248, 258
GRASS symbol in the codices 244
GTOX, meaning of 232
GUACHE day symbol discussed 226
GUECHE, see GUACHE.
GUELA day symbol discussed 221
GUEZA-GUIPA, definition of 259
GUI day symbol discussed 215
GUII day symbol discussed 229
GUILLOO day symbol discussed 252
GUIPA, definition of 259
GUZMAN, —, on meaning of k'an 226
HAND symbol in the codices 232
HANUMAN, a Hindu monkey god 221
HAWAIIAN and Central American linguistic similarities 236 — and Zapotec terms compared 262 — mythology, monsters in 214
HAX, meaning of 233
HCHOM symbol in Dresden codes 225
HCHUY, meaning of 225
HEART figures in Mexican codices 218
HECHCAB, see XACHCAB.
HENDERSON, A., an authority for pekokalil 248 —, on Maya names of Venus 249 —, on meaning of cabnix 257 —, on meaning of cancan 256 —, on meaning of ceh and kez 249, 261 —, on meaning of chac 226 —, on meaning of chacboay 226 —, on meaning of chichan 230 —, on meaning of cib 253, 254 —, on meaning of chooch 237 —, on meaning of chuuc 232 —, on meaning of kan 228 —, on meaning of kankin 261 —, on meaning of lemba 236 —, on meaning of manik 234 —, on meaning of moxan 234 —, on meaning of mul 239 —, on meaning of pacoc 247 —, on meaning of pal 253 —, on meaning of various Maya terms 247 —, on meaning of xachcab 258 —, on meaning of xolke 233 —, on meaning of yokcabil 257 —, on meaning of yulpol 211 —, on phonetic value of ak 223 —, on the akabmax symbol 208 —, on the chucay symbol 210 —, on the term chuch 225
HICH, phonetic value of 233
HINDU MYTHOLOGY, monsters in 214 —, wind god in 221
HIX, see BALAM; IX.
HOCH, phonetic value of 233
HOK definition of 241
HOKOL symbol discussed 218
HONEY symbol in Troano codex 256
HOOCH, meaning of 235
HUCK, meaning of 224
HUMKU symbol in the codices 228
HUNAHPU day symbol discussed 262
HUNAPU, in Central American mythology 225
HURAKAN in the Popol Vuh 220, 221
IGH day symbol discussed 215
II, see QUII.
IK symbol in Maya calendar 215
IMIZ[TN-6] symbol discussed 207
IMOX symbol discussed 207
ITLAN, possible derivation of 245 —, see MALLI-NALLI.
ITZAMNA, a Maya deity 242, 251 —, elements of the term 225
ITZCUINTLI day symbol discussed 239
IX day symbol discussed 248
IXCHEBLYAX, a Zapotec goddess 255
IXCHEL, a Maya deity 251
JAVANESE, mythic birds of the 220 —, mythic monsters of the 214
KAK symbol in Maya hieroglyphs 218
KAN symbol discussed 215, 226, 242
KANAN, see KAN.
KANCAB, definition of 256
KANEL, meaning of 235 —, see CANEL.
KANKIN, definition of 261 — symbol in Maya codices 241
KAPAK, definition of 262
K'AT day symbol discussed 226
K'ATIC, see K'at.
KAYAB symbol, use of 206
KI, definition of 202
KIN symbol in the codices 233, 235, 263
KINGSBOROUGH, Lord, skull glyph pictured by 250
KINICHKAKMO represented in the codices 218, 219, 248
KNIFE sign among Indians 232
KUCH, meaning of 225
KUKULCAN, elements of the term 225
KUTZ, definition of 261 — symbol in Troano codex 240, 263
LAA, see GUI; QUII.
LAALA, see GUI.
LAARI-API-NIZA, definition of 262
LABA, see LAPA.
LAMAT, and ceh symbols compared 249 — day symbol discussed 235
LAMBAT day symbol discussed 235
LANA day symbol discussed 231
LANDA, —, ahau symbol given by 262 —, ben symbol given by 245 —, ca symbol given by 234, 238, 242 —, caban day symbol given by 254 —, cauac day symbol given by 259 —, chicchan symbol given by 229 —, cib symbol given by 252 —, cimi symbol given by 231 —, cited on Buluc-Ahau 244 —, cited on Maya sacrifices 211 —, cuen symbol given by 241 —, e symbol of 224 —, eb symbol given by 243 —, form of akbal symbol given by 221 —, i symbol given by 218 —, ik symbol given by 215 —, interpretation of symbols by 263 —, ix symbol given by 248 —, kan symbol given by 226 —, ku symbol given by 224 —, lamat symbol given by 235 —, le symbol interpreted by 240 —, ma symbol given, by 211 —, men symbol given by 250 —, muluc symbol given by 237 —, o symbol given by 218, 224 —, oc day symbol given by 239
LAO day symbol discussed 262
LAPA day symbol discussed 235
LE, meaning of 240
LEC, meaning of 264
LEM, meaning of 235
LEMLAGHET, meaning of 236
LIAA, see GUI.
LIGHT symbol in the codices 237 — symbolized by the rabbit 236
LIGHTNING SYMBOL in the codices 216, 226, 237, 240, 262
LIKIN symbol in Maya codices 263 —, meaning of 235
LIZARD symbolism of the Maori 226
LONG-NOSE GOD in Maya codices 210, 217, 251, 258
LOO day symbol discussed 241 — signification of 253, 254 —, see GUILLOO; LAO.
MA, meaning of 234
MAC, symbol for 212
MACAW symbol in Maya codex 238
MAGGOT symbol in the codices 232
MAK-CAB, definition of 257
MALAALAHAH, definition of 262
MALAY and Zapotec term compared 262 — mythology, monsters in 214
MALINALTEPEC symbol in Mexican pictography 244
MALLERY, GARRICK, on indian sign for knife 232 —, on meaning of certain hand symbols 232 —, on Mexican cloud symbols 223 —, on the sign of negation 212
MALLI-NALLI day symbol discussed 243
MANI-BIICI, meaning of 251
MANIK day symbol discussed 232, 261 —, phonetic element of 237
MAORI, corn introduced among the 228 — day deities of the 265 — lizard symbolism of the 226 — mythic monsters of the 214
MASKED symbols in the codices 260
MAT symbol in the codices 246
MAYA, day names of the 206 — year, day symbols of the, memoir on 199-265
MAZATL day symbol discussed 232
MEN day symbol discussed 250
MENDOZA codex, corn symbol in 227 —, mat symbol in the 246
MEZTITLAN, day symbol of the 252
MIQUIZTLI day symbol discussed 231
MOL symbol in Dresden codex 224, 238
MOLO day symbol discussed 237
MONKEY in Quiche mythology 243 — in Mexican mythology 221 — GOD of the Hindu 221
MONSTERS in Oceanic mythology 214
MOON symbol in Borgian codex 222
MOX, see IMOX.
MOXIC day symbol discussed 232
MOXIN, see IMOX.
MUHUL, definition of 238
MUL, definition of 239
MULU, see MOLO.
MULUC symbol discussed 237 — symbol in Dresden codex 258
MUYAL, definition of 258
MUYSCAS, cosmogony of the 220
NAA day symbol discussed 250
NACHAN, meaning of 222
NAGACHE, meaning of 228
NA-GUTCHI, meaning of 228
NAHUATL, day names of the 206
NAHUI OLLI day symbol discussed 254
NEW YEAR, Mexican festival of the 244
NEW ZEALAND and Central American linguistic similarities 236 — and Zapotec term compared 262 —, see MAORI.
NI, signification of, in Maya 219 —, see GUI.
NICHOLS, KERRY, cited on Maori monsters 214
NINE LORDS OF THE NIGHT in Borgian codex 223
NIZA day symbol discussed 237
NOII day symbol discussed 254
NUNEZ DE LA VEGA, Bishop, on Central American deity 221 —, on the chinax symbol 258
OC day symbol discussed 238, 239
OCELOTL day symbol discussed 248
OCH, meaning of 241
OCQUIL, meaning of 241
OJIBWA cloud symbol 223
OKCABIL, see YOKCABIL.
OLLIN day symbol discussed 254 —, meaning of 255
OLOH symbol discussed 218
OQUIL, meaning of 241
OTOCH, meaning of 247
OZOMATLI day symbol discussed 241
PACEZ, definition of 247
PACHAH, definition of 247
PACOC, meaning of 247
PAK, meaning of 247, 262
PAL, signification of 253
PALENQUE tablet, ahau symbol on 263 —, chuen symbol on 241 —, day symbol on 207 —, ik symbol on 215 —, kan symbol on 226 —, lamat symbol on 235
PANTHER-LIKE animals in Dresden codex 226
PARROT symbol in Dresden codex 238
PAX symbol referred to 229
PECH, definition of 247
PECUAH symbol in Maya codex 229
PEK symbol in Maya codex 229
PEKOKALIL, application of term 248
PELA-PILLAANA, meaning of 231
PENAFIEL, A., on Mexican cavern symbol 223 —, on symbolism of zacatla 244
PERESIANUS CODEX, cauac day symbol in 259 —, chuen symbol in 241 —, eb symbol in 243 —, ix symbol in 248 —, kan symbol in 226 —, oc symbol in 239
PEREZ, PIO, on meaning of chacbolay 226 —, on meaning of chicchan 230 —, on meaning of choah 234 —, on meaning of choch 237 —, on meaning of chuc 232 —, on meaning of edznab 259 —, on meaning of hchom 225 —, on meaning of hok 241 —, on meaning of ikel 220 —, on meaning of kankanil 228 —, on meaning of lemba 236 —, on meaning of len 235 —, on meaning of mech, ixmech 213 —, on meaning of pokchetah 247 —, on meaning of tok 232 —, on meaning of tzac 241
PHONETIC value of Maya hieroglyphs 205[TN-7] 218, 223, 224, 235, 237, 238, 239, 241, 242, 247, 249, 253, 254, 255, 257, 259, 261, 263
PHONETICISM, application of term 254
PIJA day symbol discussed 243
PIMENTEL, F., Tzental paternoster given by 263
PIPIL, day symbol of the 252
PISA, BARTOLOME DE, on meaning of certain symbol 240
POKCHETAH, definition of 247
POPOL VUH, bat house mentioned in 225 —, mythic bird mentioned in 220 —, reference to monkey in 243
POUSSE, —, certain symbols interpreted by 224
PRIAPUS of the Maya 225
PUCHAH, definition of 247
PURIFICATION symbol in Troano codex 234
QI, definition of 262
Q-TOX, meaning of 231
QUAUCHTLI day symbol discussed 250
QUEH day symbol discussed 232
QUETZAL symbol in Dresden codex 224
QUEZA, see NIZA.
QUIAHUITL day symbol discussed 259
QUICHE-CAKCHIQUEL, day names of the 206
QUICHE myth, reference to monkey in 243
QUII day symbol discussed 245
QUII-LANA, meaning of 232
RABBIT in Indian mythology 236 — symbol in the codices 235
RAIN DEITY in Dresden codex 226 — in Troano codex 217 — of the Quiche 238 — of the Mexicans 216
RAIN SYMBOL in Dresden codex 258 — in Troano codex 222
RAMIREZ, —, on Mexican wind and rain gods 216
RI-API-LAHA, definition of 262
ROGOPA, definition of 259
ROSNY, L. DE, on the lamat symbol 249
SACRIFICE of dog images 211
SAMOAN and Central American similarities 236 — and Zapotec term compared 262
SCHELLHAS, P., on corn symbol in Maya hieroglyphs 227 —, on death god symbol in codices 243 —, on origin of certain Maya symbol 215 —, on the black deities 208 —, on the imix symbol 207, 208 —, on wind symbol in the codices 232
SELER, EDWARD, ahau symbol figured by 262 —, discussion of symbols by 260 —, interpretation of certain symbols by 216, 218, 223, 233, 257 —, Dresden codex glyphs interpreted by 258, 260 —, interpretation of kan symbol by 228 —, interpretation of muluc symbol by 239 —, interpretation of oc symbol by 239, 240, 241 —, interpretation of Troano figures by 217 —, Maya and Zapotec names harmonized by 237 —, misinterpretation of symbols by 262 —, on certain bird-like figures 219 —, on certain deity symbols 210 —, on corn symbol on Maya codices 227 —, on derivation of chicchan 230 —, on derivation of gopa 259 —, on derivation of imox 212 —, on derivation of manik 234 —, on derivation of muluc 238 —, on derivation of xoo 255 —, on dot circle in Maya hieroglyphs 223 —, on meaning of ahau 263 —, on meaning of ahmak 252 —, on meaning of aunahpu 263 —, on meaning of certain calendar names 244, 245, 248 —, on meaning of chilla 213 —, on meaning of chuen 243 —, on meaning of cib 253 —, on meaning of ollin 255 —, on meaning of tecpatl 258 —, on meaning of tihax 259 —, on meaning of tox symbol 231 —, on meaning of uotan, votan 221, 222 —, on origin of ben symbol 245 —, on origin of certain Maya symbol 215 —, on sun symbols in Borgian codes 222 —, on the black deities 208 —, on the cavern symbol 223 —, on the cayom symbol 210 —, on the chac symbol 208, 225-226 —, on the chuen symbol 242 —, on the eagle glyph 251 —, on the eche day symbol 248 —, on the guilloo symbol 252 —, on the imix symbol 207, 208, 209 —, on the ix glyph 250 —, on the kan-imix symbol 211 —, on the lamat symbol 235 —, on Maya calendar 205 —, on the men symbol 251 —, on serpent symbol in Dresden codex 256 —, on wind symbol in the codices 232
SELER, EDWARD, on Ximenes' interpretation of certain terms 227 —, phonetcism[TN-8] of hieroglyphs not accepted by 218, 225
SERPENT figures in the codices 230, 256 — in Mexican pictography 223 — in Tzental pictography 222 —, see SNAKES.
SEWING symbol in Dresden codex 237
SKULL symbol in the codices 223, 232, 250
SNAKES, see SERPENT. — symbol in Troano codex 247
STAR SYMBOL in Maya codices 222, 249
STEVENS, J. L., battlemented structures figured by 246
STOLL, OTTO, on definition of ahau 263 —, on signification of vuich 228
STORM GOD in Hindu mythology 221
SUN symbol in the codices 222, 233, 235
SYMBOLISM, see DAY SYMBOLS.
TAHAITAN and Central American linguistic similarities 236
TANIWHA, a mythic monster 214
TAX symbol, phonetic value of 259
TAYLOR, RICHARD, cited on Maori lizard god 214 —, on Maori lizard symbolism 226
TECOLOTL day symbol discussed 252 —, definition of 252
TECPATL day symbol discussed 258 —, meaning of 228
TECPILA NAHUATL day symbol discussed 254
TEE-LAO, definition of 240
TELLA day symbol discussed 239
TEMETLATL, see TEOTL-ITONAL.
TEOTL-ITONAL day symbol discussed 252
TEPEYOLLOTL, signification of 221
THOMAS, CYRUS, on day symbols of the Maya year 199-265
THUNDER god of the Quiche 238 — symbol in Mexican hieroglyphs 216
TICH, meaning of 233
TIGER-LIKE ANIMAL in Mexican hieroglyphs 244
TIGER SYMBOL in the codices 248
TIHAX day symbol discussed 258 —, definition of 259
TIKAL INSCRIPTION, ahau glyph in 263 —, ik symbol in 215 —, lamat symbol in 235
TLALOC, a Mexican god 238 — symbol in Borgian codex 213 — symbol in Troano codex 216, 217
TOCHTLI day symbol discussed 235
TOH day symbol discussed 237 —, meaning of 238
TOHIL, a Quiche deity 238
TOK, meaning of 232
TONGA and Central American linguistic similarities 236 — and Zapotec term compared 262
TOO-QUIXE-PILLAANA, meaning of 231
TORTURE represented in Troano codex 229
TOX day symbol discussed 231
TOX-OGHBIL, meaning of 231
TREGEAR, EDWARD, cited on mythic water monsters 214
TROANO CODEX, bird symbols in the 251 —, burden bearers symbolized in 247 —, caban symbol in 254 —, cauac day symbol in 259 —, chicchan symbol in 229 —, chuen symbol in 241 —, cimi symbol in 231 —, corn god in 229 —, corn symbol in 227 —, discussion of glyphs in 216, 224, 225, 234, 256, 260, 261, 262 —, eb symbol in 243 —, edznab day symbol in 258 —, ix symbol in 248 —, oc symbol in 239 —, mat symbol in 246 —, pak symbol in 247 —, snake symbol in 247 —, symbolic figures in 219
TURKEY SYMBOL in the codices 240, 261
TZ', phonetic value of 218, 225
TZAC, definition of 241
TZEC, symbol in Dresden codex 242
TZENTAL, day names of the 206
TZI day symbol discussed 239
TZICLIM, definition of 242
TZIQUIN day symbol discussed 250
TZOZ symbol in Maya hieroglyphs 225
UAH, signification of 229
UNDERWORLD god in Troano codex 243 — in Troano codex 216
UOTAN, see VOTAN.
VIENENSIS CODEX, eagle symbol in 251
VOTAN day symbol discussed 221 —, significance of 221
VUICH, signification of 228
WHEEL GLYPH in Troano codex 261
WIND, effect of, on maize crop 217 — god in Hindu mythology 221 — gods of the Mexicans 216 — in Mexican mythology 221 — symbol in the codices 232 — symbol in Mexican hieroglyphs 216, 217, 219, 222, 249, 252 — symbol, the bird as a 219
WOOD symbol in the codices 262
XACHCAB, definition of 258
XAN, meaning of 234
XIMENES, —, on definition of ah 245 — on meaning of certain Maya terms 227 — on meaning of imox 212 — on meaning of kanel 235 — on meaning of tihax 259 — on meaning of yiz 249
XIPE, a Mexican death god 243
XOCHITL day symbol discussed 262
XOLKE, meaning of 233
XOO day symbol discussed 254
XULAH, meaning of 225
XULBIL, meaning of 225
XULEZAH, meaning of 225
XULUB, meaning of 225
XUULUL, meaning of 225
YACHE, meaning of 228
YAX and ceh symbols compared 249 — symbol of the Maya 211
YAXKIN, form of, discussed 241 — symbol of the Maya 211
YEAR, Maya, day symbols of the 199-265
YELLOW, how represented in codices 228
YIB, signification of 254
YIZ, see BALAM.
YMIX, see IMIX.
YOKCABIL, definition of 257 — MUYAL, definition of 258
ZAC and ceh symbols compared 249 —, phonetic value of 259 — symbol dismissed 250
ZACATLA symbol in Mexican pictography 244
ZACZUY, a Zapotec goddess 255
ZAPOTEC and Oceanic terms compared 262 —, day names of the 206 — terms, interpretation of 218
ZEEK-CIMIL, meaning of 250
ZIIE day symbol discussed 229
ZIP, explanation of the name 255 — month symbol in the codices 249
ZNI-NAX, definition of 259
ZOO symbol in Maya hieroglyphs 225
ZOTZ symbol in Maya hieroglyphs 225
ZO'TZI-HA mentioned in Popol Vuh 225
ZUITON, definition of 259
ZUL symbol in Dresden codex 225
Transcriber's Note
The table of "Names of the days in different calendars" was originally printed on two pages, with the page break following the line beginning "Men." The repeated column headings have been omitted in this version of the text.
The following errors and inconsistencies have been maintained.
Misspelled words and typographical errors:
Page Error TN-1 207 Charney should read Charnay TN-2 231 Quiche Cakchiquel should read Quiche-Cakchiquel TN-3 Plate LXIX The final . is missing TN-4 Index Cacao entry A . was used instead of a , TN-5 Index Dresden entry Discussion of symbols, comma missing after 213 TN-6 Index Imiz entry Imiz should read Imix TN-7 Index Phonetic entry Comma missing after 205 TN-8 Index Seler entry phonetcism should read phoneticism
The following word was inconsistently spelled:
Zotzil / Zoztzil
The following words had inconsistent hyphenation:
cross-hatched / crosshatched cuch-pach / cuchpach Kinich-kakmo / Kinichkakmo
Other inconsistencies:
The abbreviation Dr is not usually followed by a . However, in the footnotes on pp. 208 and 224, it ends with a .
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